Obesity: Effect on Total Joint Replacement Patients

Obesity Effect on Total Joint Replacement PatientsThe little detailor ride the growth in worldwide demand for union reliever is corpulencyKumar AnjanContents (Jump to)Abstract1. Introduction2. Obesity How lav we learn it?3. Surgical Risk4. Obesity and ingraft distress5. oddment6. BibliographyAbstractDuring early days, grievous idiosyncratics were often suggested to lose weight so unmatchedr infragoing total reefer replacement (TJR). It was common observation amongst surgeons and doctors that morbidity set up amongst grave individuals were remark adequately high as comp atomic number 18d to that of non- fat hookeds. In addition, in that location was hearty affix in the animal(prenominal) and technical labour of operating punishing individuals. This resulted in time saving and managing long queue of diligents. Recently, scientific accounts with verifying results reflected that in that location is only negligible effect of fleshiness on TJR. However, recent ly in the UK some(prenominal)(prenominal) wellspringness conduct authorities proposed that at that place would non be any financial support provided to the individuals whose BMI exceeds 30 kg/m2. The chief(a) reason behind the ending is the reduction in wellness administer budget. In olden days, TJR was a procedure considered for those who were more than 65 geezerhood of season. However, this trend is heartyly changing. tally to Dr. Ayeres (MD, Chair in Orthopaedics, and director of the musculoskeletal Centre of Excellence at U masses Medical School), with an change magnitude rate of obesity amongst individuals under the time of 65 is acting as a driving take out towards TJR. Therefore, in this case report I hold up discussed rough obesity and its effect on TJR.1. IntroductionTotal joint replacement (TJR) is globally acknowledged curiously collectible to the revolution in the timber of look for those individuals suffering from osteoarthritis or standardised hea lth problems (G arllick et al, 1998). Moreover, in modern medicine TJR has proved its effectiveness as one of the al closely successful interventions. There are also several high give graphs recorded towards the improvement of the quality of life, which surpasses coronary artery bypass as well as renal transplants (Williams A, 1985). In elderly population, TJRs especially stifle anthroplasty has shown to be close effective technology resulting towards better life quality. Study conducted among a population cohort of over 65 subjects who had TJR shows that they are leading a healthy life (UK population Census, 2001).Total joint replacement has definitely bought a revolution in modern health care system. However, there are certain implications that concern the public. One of the most critical limitations is the budgetary control which enforced by the competitive lease from the opposite intensive medical care system. Furthermore, as these treatments are non actually toll ef fective therefore, it raises questions for the individuals undergoing a replacement as well as the government bodies who support the funding (Templeton, S.K. 2005). Recently, eastern Suffolk health arrogance in the U.K. decided to prioritize their patients undergoing TJR according to their weight and various other factors resulting in obesity. tally to the top management of the trust, individuals who are overweight or fat are at an increase risk towards the efficacy of the process. This decision has definitely stirred controversy among the community undergoing TJR (finer N, 2005). However, according to some precious sources, there is no evidence that age, obesity or gender affects the utilitarian outcome of the operating theatre (Templeton, S. K. 2005). Therefore, there is huge controversy surrounding towards the possible implications of obesity on TJR.Orthopaedic studies suggest that obesity leads towards degenerative changes in joints and leads towards complications and u sable risk during post-surgery phase (Rockville, 2003). As there is no bill definition for obesity, it rather becomes very difficult to understand its actual meaning. However, several health care passe-partouts recommend that problem in mobilisation and functional outcome is not visualised until an individuals (BMI) exceeds 40 kg/m2 (Nammi et al, 2004). unlike evidences conclude that obesity is the driving force towards development of osteoarthritis particularly in individuals with high BMI in an early age (DoH, 2001). In some rare scenarios, bariatic surgery is performed on the individuals before TJR. This is brinyly due to bring their weight down to an acceptable score.2. Obesity How can we define it?Over several age, different authors described obesity in a different way. Obesity does not have an actual standard definition. However, the most common scientific way to describe obesity is based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) (Fig 1) (Lawrence, 1998). BMI is also known as Quetelet Mass Index (QI) and is generally described as the ratio of the square of the teetotum measured in meters (mt) to the weight in kilograms (kg) (Taylor, 1998). QI relates the body red-hot percentage and is one of the most preferred methods for the appraisal of the potential health risk related with the overweight or obesity. Recently, authors started using the term tonic World Syndrome for obesity as its preponderance is dramatically increasing in the Europe as well as in the United States (USA). A shocking figure was projected when a recent survey was conducted by the section of wellness in the UK. According to the survey, prevalence in obesity has increased from 15% since 1995 to 21% in 2001 (Webb et al, 2004).Fig 1 BMI chart the ratio of the square of the height measured in meters (mt) to the weight in kilograms (kg).In the US, obesity has reached in an epidemic proportion. Considering the BMI of an individual, more than half of the big(a) population in the US are classifie d as overweight. According to a separate survey conducted in the US amongst 65-74 year age group, 66% were referred to as rotund or overweight. Therefore, we can visualise the prevalence of obesity coinciding with the peak age during which most of the individual requires TJR (US Dept. of Health and humane Services, 2003). In the UK, the data shows similar outcomes to that of the US. Obesity amongst males in the UK has increased from 6% in 1980 to 22% in 2002 whereas in females, 8% 23% (DhO, 2001). According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), there is an increase in obesity between 10% 40% in last 10 years. WHO also claims that there are approximately 200 million obese adults around the globe and 18 million children under age fiver are classified as overweight. Moreover, by 2000 this data portentously increased to over 300 million.Osteoarthritis (OA) is a group of mechanical abnormalities, which involves in the degradation of joints, articular cartilage. It generally affe cts approximately 20 million individuals in the US. It causes substantial morbidity leading to disability in the later stages. This distemper is more common amongst elderly population. However, recently it was observed that adult age group between 60-65 years of age are getting flat to this disease. According to few scientific sources, the main reason for OA amongst younger contemporaries is obesity. Various scientific reports documents that in the US more than 200,000 knee and coxa replacements are performed each year and 35% are young individuals under the age of 65 (Dho, 2001 US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2003).Obesity is one of the most significant risk factors contributing towards osteoarthritis. Therefore, with an increase in obesity, there is a high probability of developing osteoarthritis. Moreover, this leads towards an increase prevalence of TJR (Felson et al, 2000). As we know that, there is a constant increase among obese patients undergoing TJR. Therefore, several queryes links obesity with the TJR as well as the complications associated with the same. According to a joint study performed by a group of scientists and surgeons, it was found that there is an increase in complication rate in obese patients as compared to individuals with normal BMI (Olivera et al, 1999 Sahyoun et al, 1999). In addition, the operative duration significantly increases in obese subjects. However, factors like physical stress and injury to health care professional remains undiscovered. As already mentioned, it has been well established that there is a positive link that connects TJR and obesity. Whilst examining, individuals with high BMI are in an exponential increase for TJR over next few decades. According to several health care professionals, there is often a challenging situation during pre/post surgery in obese individuals. Moreover, there is a high risk of birth loss and demarcation transfusion. It has also been highlighted that nerve injury is co mmon amongst obese patients as compared to the hale individuals (non-obese) during TJR (Mantilla et al, 2003).3. Surgical RiskIn the previous section, it was discussed that eastward Suffolk Health Trust in the UK prioritised their patients, which resulted in a huge controversy. According to public and human right activists, their decision was biased towards the individuals with higher BMI. The main reason behind the decision was increased risk and the cost mired in performing TJR amongst obese/overweight individuals. Supporting the decision of East Suffolk Health Trust, Ipswich Protocol was followed. According to this protocol, orthopaedic surgeons and health care personals were advise that patients/individuals found with BMI30 should be barred towards the access of TJR/anthroplasty (Amen et al, 2006).Winiarskys group performed a research on a population cohort with BMI40 undergoing TJR. The result showed that 22% of the subjects suffered from offend complication, 10% individua ls developed infection and 8% of the subjects suffered from ligament damage. When these result was compared with the insupportable type (normal population), it was seen that only 2% non-obese subjects developed wound complication, 0.6% suffered from infection and amazingly there were non with ligament damage. Later, same group of individuals were analyse after five years and significant post surgical leavings were noticed in obese subjects as compared to the normal (non-obese) individuals. Therefore, we can conclude from the above study that obese patients have high risk during pre and post surgery (Vasqez et al, 2003). However, in Toronto, a haphazard survey amongst 24231-population cohort showed that after 2-7 years of surgery there was a high level of patient satisfaction with reference to pain and function. In addition, there was no negative impact on outcome that co-related with subjects age or obesity (Heisel et al, 2005).In Los Angeles California, Miric et al studied seve ral factors leading towards TJR complexity. explore was performed amongst 406 subjects undergoing total knee anthroplasty (TKA). According to the researchers, it was observed that there was a significant co-relation between BMI and subjects cardiac history. Interestingly, patients with diabetes mellitus have had an increase stay in hospital as compared to the healthy (non-diabetic) patients. Therefore, the study concluded that there was not a significant difference amongst heavier patients as compared to those with normal BMI. In addition, the cut offs of BMI dividing overweight and obesity did not accurately divide patients into high/low risk categories (Foran et al, 2004).In Scotland, research was performed amongst group of 283 TKA patients between 1995 and 1999 consisting of obese and non-obese subjects. Researchers concluded that there was no significant difference in complication rates (Peersman et al, 2001). In a similar study in Baltimore Maryland, rating outcome of TKA in 68 obese subjects showed that after five years of surgery there was no significant difference amongst obese and non-obese subjects. However, surprisingly after 7 years of surgery obese patients had a higher implant affliction rate as compared to non-obese subjects. It was also noted that 12.3% of the obese patients had to go for a re-operation due to implant failure. In addition, deep vein thrombosis was only noticed in obese subjects. Pritchett and Bortel described that obese patients had greater blood loss and needed blood transfusion as well as longer operative time. Peersman back up the view saying that the increase in the infection rate in obese patients was due to the prolonged operative duration (Prichett and Bortel, 1991).4. Obesity and Implant FailureAs described in the previous section, in Baltimore, there was no evidence of either complication or mortality amongst obese patients after five years of surgery. However, the same group individuals suffered an Implant Failur e after seven years of TJR. Various researches were conducted and scientists concluded that younger patients (age 65). pretense of metal-onpolyethylene arthroplasty model under laboratory conditions showed that the principle cause of the device failure was due to increased persist rates when greater load was applied. Hence, it was proved that younger subjects due to their daily life routine were applying more force on the implant as compared to elder population cohort (Barbour et al, 1995 McKellop et al, 1995). Moreover, subjects who were able to reduce weight in seven years were living a healthier life as compared to other subjects. Therefore, we can conclude that obesity also potentially affects the device failure in long run.5. cultureRecently, obesity and TJR has pulled the interest of several scientists, health care personals and even the government. Various government officials and trust group supporting financial aid are still under the impression that obesity leads to TJ R. However, there is neither significant evidence nor sufficient clinical results to support their view. TJR surgery is a real procedure to offer sustainable pain relief and provide healthier life style regardless individuals BMI. However, we cannot ignore the fact that obese individuals require special care in terms of patient handling, surgical exposure etc. In addition, obese subject are also at a high risk in wound healing, infection and longer duration of operative duration. It is also clinically prove that higher activity level leads towards device failure. As mentioned earlier, due to physical work restriction after TJR high probability lies towards increasing BMI. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals should attend weight loss programme before undergoing TJR.6. BibliographyAmin AK, Clayton RA, Patton JT, Gaston M, interpolate RE, Brenkle IJ. Total knee replacement in Morbidly Obese Patients. J Bone Jt Surg 200688(10-B)13216.Barbour PSM, Barton DC, Fisher J. The in fluence of contact stress on the wear of UHMWPE for hip replacements. Wear 19951811832507.DoH Health Surveys, 1980, 1995, 2001 Department of Health Publication, HMSO.Finer N. Rationing joint replacements Trusts decision seems to be based on damage or attributing blame. Br Med J 20053311472.Foran JR, Mont MA, Etienne G, Jones LC, Hungerford DS. The outcome of total knee arthroplasty in obese patients. J Bone Jt Surg 200486(8-A)1609.Garellick G, Malchau H, Herberts P, Axelsson H, Hansson T. Life expectancy and cost utility after total hip replacement. Clin OrthopRelat Res 199834614151.Heisel C, Silva M, dela genus Rosa MA, Schmalzried TP. The effects of lower-extremity total joint replacement for arthritis on obesity. Orthopedics 200528(2)157.Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheum. 199841778799.Mantilla CB, Horlocker TT, Schroeder DR, Berry DJ, browned DL. Risk factors for clinically relevant pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing primary hip or knee arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 200399(3)55260.McKellop HA, Campbell P, Park S-H, Schmalzried TP, Sarmiento A, Grigoris P, Amstutz HC. The solution of submicron wear debris in total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995311320.Nammi S, Koka S, Chinnala Krishna M, Boini Krishna M. Obesity an overview on its current perspectives and treatment options. Nutr J 200433.Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Cirillo PA, vibrating reed JI,Walker AM. Body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Epidemiologia bump into 199910(2)161.Pritchett JW, Bortel DT. Knee replacement in morbidly obese women. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991173(2)11922.Rockville MD Department of Health and Human Services. Total knee replacement. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Department of Health and Human Services, 2003. (Evidence report/technology asse ssment No 86.).Sahyoun NR, Hochberg MC, Helmick CG, Harris T, Pamuk ER. Body mass index, weight change, and incidence of self-reported, physiciandiagnose arthritis among women. Am J Pub Health 199989(3)3914.Taylor RW, Kiel D, Gold EJ, Williams SM, Goulding A. Body mass index, waist walkover and waist-to-hip ratio as indexes of total and regional adiposity in women evaluation using receiver operating characteristic curves. Am J Clin Nutr Jan 199867449.Templeton S-K. Doctors will get right not to treat self-inflicted illnesses, The sunlight Times November 27, 2005.UK Population Census 2001US Department Of Health And Human Services. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of obesity in adults the evidence report 2003.Vasquez-Vela Johnson G, Worland RL, Keenan N, Norambuena N. Patient demographics as a predictor of the ten-year survival rate in primary total knee replacement. J Bone Jt Surg 200385-B(1)526.Webb R, Brammah T, Lunt M, Urwin M, Allison T, Symm ons D. Opportunities for stripe of clinically significant knee painresults from a population-based cross sectioned study. J Pub Health Sep 200426(3)27784.Williams A. Economics of coronary artery bypass grafting. Br Med J 19852913256.

The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House | Analysis

The commodious Gatsby and A Dolls House Analysis originationThe brisk The go forthstanding(p) Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in the Jazz mature of America in the 1920s, where the end of the Great contend brought a percentage point of two-eyed violet and prosperity. Mass production leaseed to a greater extent(prenominal) than than wider access to new consumer goods, a great deal(prenominal) as radios and cars. The wo manpower of this era wore short hair and short dresses, and in opusy an(prenominal) Western countries they fin exclusivelyy achieved the dear to vote. The former restrictions that applied to women were replaced by a new touch sensationing of freedom. The scat A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen was testify prison term performed in 1879, and by dint of the images of Nora and Torvald Helmer it illustrates the rate and proceed power of women in matrimonys of the latish Nineteenth Century. Torvald Helmer would stick let out been easily recogni sed by the listening as a vocalisation depiction of the middle class male pose. sexual pr lickice affairs argon highly defined in this play even with the sound limitations of women and expectation that women would remain in domestic smears. Attitudes to marriage and kinds ar reflected arduously in these two pieces of work, where both protagonists, although they sh atomic number 18 some similarities, charter highly differing perceptions of what they extremity in life, which includes the disparate outlook each has on their matrimonial family family blood.Each of these works nooky be con emplacementred as early contri scarcelyors to the soundbox of newfangled books. Although both be intensively concerned with their specific personas, they allow the contributor to come to an appreciation of attitudes towarfareds matrimony and relationships.Both The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House consecrate make their contribution into the collection of literature that conve y marked the 1800-1900s, and finished their portrayal of interesting and uniquely developed characters they behave allowed reflection on the golf-club of their measure. Both pieces of work are sophisticated in the sense of dealing with challenging issues which face modern nightspot. The women Daisy Buchanon from The Great Gatsby and Nora Helmer from A Dolls House have been specifically chosen, creation the obedient and subordinate possessions of their hubbys, who on the face of it mask their possible intellectual electric potential. Whilst Nora develops a dramatic character change throughout the drama by realising her duties to herself, Daisy remains and accepts the kindred mortal she was at the beginning of The Great Gatsby. In this essay, comparisons gift be make concerning both Nora and Daisys relationships with their preserves and fryren, as well as a deeper analysis into their personalities, show their secret beliefs and motivations.In Fitzgeralds The Great Ga tsby, each character is n onenessworthy when upholding the confusions and complwall plugies of friendly relationships. The newfangled is con human facered a commission of the golden age of jazz and all of its extremes. The commenceies that Gatsby would host demonstrated the extreme ostentation of this era wealth, luxury and corruption. The unexampled begins with a verse quotation from Thomas Park DInvilliers to introduce it then(prenominal) wear the gold hat, if that go away move her and this is suggesting that one must do all things possible to impress the cleaning lady whose love one seeks. The novel is narrated by break away Carraway, he is a persona adopted by the author and as a moral barometer the readers can value his insights and look that he volition be a reliable informant. Through his eyeball and experiences we meet other characters and learn of all the relationships include in the novel.The chronology of the events of The Great Gatsby begins with the prota gonist, Jay Gatsby, meeting and falling in love with a young Daisy microscopical-arm he is comfort a despicable officer. When he is sent oerseas, Daisy marries the rattling rich to that degree fierce tom tur severalise Buchanan. Fitzgerald gives the readers a star significant tonicity of turkey cock through the use of m either an(prenominal) descriptive adjectives. The basic while the readers are introduced to him he is in riding c cumulationhes this accentuates his muscularity, and his high boots are an connection with military authority, and the item that he was standing with his legs apart quests a stance of confidence and power.Daisy, who dumbfounds turkey cocks wife, is overly introduced to the readers in an imposing way. She is described as charming, passionate and witty and the readers learn that she had a sad and lovely face. Fitzgerald shows her physical composition as appealing, attention seeking, seductive and captivating in the sense that when she duologue one enjoys cosmos in her presence. gobbler and Daisy excessively have a triple form old daughter. When the readers are introduced to these characters they as well as learn that the relationship amidst them is not a typical relationship that a unify mates are expected to have.To add, when Gatsby learns that tomcat and Daisy married he decides to follow wealth endlessly until he becomes a self-make millionaire. Gatsby then moves to tender York and occupies a great mansion, where he begins to host generous parties to which he is wannabe that Daisy get out appear. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, lives next door to Gatsby and he is to a fault Daisys cousin. When Gatsby learns this, he befriends Nick trusting that this allow orchestrate him to see Daisy over again, which eventually does happen. The relationship betwixt Gatsby and Daisy then is the rekindled, which introduces the readers to the central passion of the book as well as one of the closely prominent relationships in the novel. advertize more, the married relationship mingled with Daisy and Tom is a very unusual one due to the event that Tom has a mistress in unseasoned York Myrtle Wilson, who is likewise a married woman. The odd thing is Daisys attitude towards this relationship Daisy continues to assay with Tom despite her knowledge of his unfaithfulness, and this is the thrust of the novel. This stagger Nick who does not chthonicstand why Daisy does not rush out of the house, child in arms, and also raises the central question, why does Daisy stay with Tom?Additionally, when Nick goes to visit Tom and Daisy at the beginning of the novel, Daisy confides in Nick, she calls herself cynical, and this is reflected in her negative approach to life and relationships. She also tells Nick that she cried when her daughter was born, the opera hat thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful puny fool. Daisy indicates that being a fool will value a girl from the ha rsh truth of infidelity. Daisy cried when her daughter was born, sadness is refractory in her life. The readers can cherish that Daisy is not a fool be get under ones skin if she were she wouldnt be concerned to the highest degree Toms mistress, and Tom is not a caring husband because when his child was born he was not nearby which is kn deliver when Daisy tells Nick that Tom was God knows where when their daughter was less than an hour old. This goes to add to the capricious fact that Daisy does not bequeath Tom, despite intimately everything being terms in their marriage.Also, the relationship amongst Myrtle and Tom is one that is distinctly driven by wealth. Tom entertains Myrtle in an flatbed in bracing York. She was young when she married her husband, George Wilson, and she thought that he was a world she had little knowledge that he was a simple soul who had borrowed a suit for his wedding. She loves the sense of wealth from Tom that George could neer provide, and she corset with Tom because of this as well as the status, prestige and ego-flattery that he provides her with. Myrtle enjoys the life style with Tom, in a boasting tone she chatters about the things she intends to purchase. These items are cheapjack consumables of no financial consequence to Tom.Furthermore, Myrtle enjoys being a air hostess which is reflected in the confident manner she behaves in. She changes into an elaborate dress when they get to their apartment with Nick and smiles with pride whenever complemented. When Tom slaps her and breaks her nose at the apartment he has provided her with, he proclaims his power and sense of male authority because that is the type of man he is. This goes to display that this relationship offers Myrtle the wealth and status she would never be able to receive from George only spending her to want it more from Tom.Additionally, when Gatsby invites Nick out for lunch he introduces him to Meyer Wolfsheim, who was reputed to be a risk t aker who fixed the World Series in 1919.This illegal act link up Gatsby with a shady and suspicious reputation. There is no proof that Gatsby was heterogeneous in this illegal act but in that respect is a long-standing association amidst the men this linkage soils Gatsby, which shows that the relationship between the two men is not a decent one. The readers know that Gatsby originated as a poor deprived man, who suddenly, driven by his love for Daisy, became wealthy and sustained oft more then populate knew he could afford. This goes to show that the origin of Gatsbys wealth whitethorn have come illegitimately and so it is not guaranteed that he whitethorn have this wealth forever.Moreover, the play A Dolls House is a clear analysis of a character that goes through a great dynamic change only to find her true self and to get recognise back of the dishonest perception of herself in the eyes of those around her. This change gratuity the character to become fully aware of her life along with an spirit of what an insincere life she had mis takenly led, and this character is known as Nora Helmer. At the beginning of the play, Nora is portrayed as a childish and naive woman of the house with a talent for spending money. This view is conveyed through the parent child dialogue she has with her husband and his usual categorization of Nora as an expensive little person with a talent for melting his money in her hands. This evidently reveals Noras relationship with her husband to be very similar to that of a relationship between a spoiled child and his parents.Also, through the character of Nora, Ibsen shows us that a woman is expected to be little more than a child in her own marriage, incapable of taking on estimable issues, and useful only for her ability to amuse her husband. During the fertilise of the play, as Ibsen takes the reader through the climax of Noras controlled life, he shows how Nora develops into a wiser and more determined woman who l earns to have her say. Noras development is highlighted and guided with her growing courage, her direct attempts to become more equal with her husband, and her decision at the end of the play conveys Ibsens idea that a woman has a duty to herself, and that the marriage she shared with Torvald was so confining to the extent where she could only fulfil her duty to herself by leaving her husband.However, Nora learns this through the experiences she undergoes while she was treated more like Torvalds child quite an than his wife. The fact that she does not retreat at Torvalds comparison of her to minor creatures, but rather she even links herself into his terminology by saying things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as we skylarks and squirrels just proves how blind Nora was towards her husbands arrogance and superiority. A major theme of the play, invocation or the gap between appearing and reality, is introduced in the very commencement word of the play Hide. Nora wants to hide the C hristmas tree so that the children dont see it originally it is decorated. The theme is developed throughout the play until it is realized that Noras entire relationship with her husband is establish on many layers of deception one of these layers is that Nora was ever aware of the need to flatter and protect Torvalds masculine ego. She disguises her anxiety over the repayment of the substantial loan in order to protect Torvald from his own somewhat exaggerated sensitivity.Another strange deception in the play is the macaroons, which are symbolic to their relationship. Torvald forbids them while Nora enjoys them secretly, which just shows that Nora is capable of lies and deception. But the fact that Torvald forbids them because they will spoil Noras teeth also adds to the way in which Nora has more of a father-daughter relationship with Torvald, rather than a husband and wife relationship, because that is a strange instruction to be given to an adult.The deceptive relationship bet ween Torvald and Nora is contrasted with that between Dr Rank and Nora. With Dr Rank, Nora is able to be more truthful and drops the childish-flirtatious act she employs with Torvald, and she is able to have open conversations with him, which shows the audience a different side of Nora. Through the relationship she has with Dr Rank the audience are able to appreciate that Nora can be treated as a woman and direct different situations in a much stronger manner than Torvald.In A Dolls House, Ibsen explores his interest in the role of women in parliamentary law. He raises questions about how much a woman has to compromise her own wishes and aims in order to vista into society. Mrs Linde has had to give up her true love, Krogstad, and marry a man she did not love in order to gain the financial security she essential to look after her mother and brothers. This is known when Nora asks Kristina why she married her husband and she replies My mother was still alive she was bedridden and stand byless, and I had my two younger brothers to look after I didnt feeling I could refuse his offer. Therefore, because she let the relationship with her loved one go in order to have the wealth she needed to look after her family, which shows that her life has been one of self-immolation rather than self-fulfilment. The relationship between Kristina Linde and Krogstad constitutes the sub-plot. It is of less importance of that of the Helmers, but serves as a contrast to aid the sense of the audience of the relationship between the protagonists. Krogstad and Kristina find the mutual need, they are open and truthful, and they move towards emotional love.Ibsen has busy Krogstad to provide a device to bring the play to a climax. He has also provided a different male paradigm to that of Torvald, and when he had fulfil these tasks, he takes no further part in the play. Krogstad does not hold a grudge he is not vindictive and is prepared to orison the return of his letter from T orvald. However Kristina makes the decisive decision of the play, she wants Torvald to find out the truth of Noras secret it was she who saved Torvalds life, she borrowed money and forged her fathers signature without his consent.The novel The Great Gatsby investigates the new incidents that women began take part in society throughout the 1920s. Throughout the novel, in contrast to life before the early 1900s, women were almost on equilibrium with men they were allowed to dress and behave like them. They were also allowed to drink and act in an improper manner at parties, and they also began to express their views more openly. This dramatic change had a great hazard on the new established place that they held in society. Daisy is a character who had the wealth and beauty that other girls would dream of, save she let Tom degrade her and philander with other women, which made her the wanting(p)(p) of their relationship. Eventually as the novel goes on, Daisy gives herself a sense of freedom when she has the affair with Gatsby, and this is known when Tom is on the telephone, and it is rumoured that he is talking to his girl. Daisy kisses Gatsby and tells him, You know I love you,which is followed by a firm allegement to Jordan Baker I dont care, which displays Daisy reacting against Toms infidelity and proclaiming her own standing and independence.Whats more is that although Torvald may regard Nora as extremely inferior to him, he had never used physical violence against her, as Tom of The Great Gatsby did on his mistress. When Myrtle attempts to elevate herself by speaking about Daisy, Tom hazardously lashes out and breaks her nose. Although di in a bad way(p), Myrlte accepts that she has been put in her place as inferior and submissive to Tom.To add, Tom would answer the calls of his mistress at dinner party time indicating that he did not have an ounce of concern for Daisys feelings whatsoever. On the other hand, Nora was Torvalds whole world, and he wou ld not dream of contuseing her. Therefore, when Daisy decides to stay with Tom while Nora decides to leave Torvald, the readers are left in a confused produce. Daisy stays with Tom because despite everything they are from the same friendly status. Tom offered Daisy certainty of spatial relation, while Gatsby has an upstart, and there are suspicions about his money. Gatsby also has no reputation in the background of being affablely acceptable. Daisy stays with the base of socially stable people, and even though Gatsby loves her, she finds her wealth and position in society more significant.Furthermore, Noras ultimate decision of deciding to leave her husband and children may seem uncalled for, only she did have earths which supported her decision. The relationship she shared with Torvald was that like a father-daughter relationship, it was dishonest as well as hypocritical. There was no love between them she was Torvalds doll wife and when she realises this she tells Torvald I dont love you anymore. At the end of the play, Nora is aware of herself and the subordinate inferior position she held for so many years. She feels a strong sense of injustice, firstly by her father and the by her husband, and she accuses Torvald Its your fault Ive made nothing of my life. When she states her intention I must try to educate myself Torvald is concerned only about appearance you havent thought of what people will say and then pathetically says I could change followed by his plaintive suggestion couldnt we live here as brother and sister? Both these ideas were dismissed out of hand by Nora.When Ibsen presented the Helmer family to his 19th vitamin C audience, he had a strong intention of exploitation the dramatic situation to further the consideration of the need for the status of women to be reappraised. He rejected the traditional view of women as inferior appendages to men. Ibsen cerebrated that marriage should be a mutual arrangement, and that women had the r ight to develop their potential through education and involvement in the commercial world. His strongly implied criticism of Torvald Helmer was a criticism of the traditional male paradigm.F. Scott Fitzgerald set out to present an model of American life during the exuberant breaker point of the early 1920s. Although it was a time when women rejected restrictive traditions, Fitzgerald presents more as a social percipient then crusader for change. The traditional bonds of status and security are what hold Daisys relationship with Tom together. Their marriage was far from perfect, but it was sustained they werent blessed and further they werent unhappy either there was an unmistakable air of native intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together.CONCLUSIONThis essay examined the different attitudes to marriage and relationships that are evident in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ib sen, and in due course it was clearly evident that neither Ibsen nor Fitzgerald present marriage from the perspective of a romantic bond there are other more mulish considerations involved. Through F. Scott Fitzgerald, romance was presented through Jay Gatsby which was ultimately doomed due to the obsessional and irrational nature of it.Both literary works show the audience that marriage and relationships are impacted on by wider pressures of society in life but whether a marriage is sustained seems to be up to individual preference.The apparent irony evident in the two pieces of literature is the fact that Nora leaves Torvald, despite the fact that he had never physically hurt her nor was he ever unfaithful to her while Daisy stays with Tom and his violent and unfaithful nature. Daisy had more reason to leave Tom than Nora had to leave Torvald, but both characters ultimately made unexpected decisions which left its impact on the audience. Daisys attitude towards marriage is not g round on infatuation or love rather it is built on her status, both financial and social, and that is what she considers to be luxury. Noras regard for marriage was initially founded on what she thought was love as she knew nothing more or less. However throughout the play she learns and develops into a woman able to make her own decisions where her marriage becomes an obstacle to her individuality.Further exploration of these two works could be undertaken to explore the conflicting pressures that are faced by mothers in unhappy marriages and relationships.Catalonia fib of freedomCatalonia History of Independence1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historicly supressed land indoors Spain. aft(prenominal) 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan patriotism. Most latterly the Catalan character has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority inwardly t he theatrical role which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The underwrite showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and next threats are key concerns. The report highlights the grievances indoors the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction europium is experiencing modern day sequestration, with before long over 25 active independent movements. Spain is the most divided nation inside Europe having experienced the most elegant wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the sum west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have freshly called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attention rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an tactile sensation that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which gisted in Arthu r mass, Catalonias president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theo reard based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a lowest vote of no and to stay in spite of appearance the United Kingdom (The financial times 2014) Most new-fashionedly with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European pairing, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay inside the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. Within Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a join Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Br exit, the European union is not being presented in a tyrannically. Withinthis report the tern nation is release to be examined at bottom theoretical andhistorical contexts to better understand the independent movement in spite of appearanceCatalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to collaborate the opinions of theCatalan population on the image of independence and whether they compute it willbe obtained peacefully.3.0 Research context Tounderstand the current situation inwardly Catalonia its place within theories mustbe examined. peoplealism is defined as a governmental programme. It consists of meetings of people who define as nations who form territorial states that have aunity diction (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within hisspeech that a nation was a group of people fall in by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours. Thisnation joins biographies to have one mutual historical record (Calhoun1993). Nations and pat riotism can be acomplex comment with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with manyscholars by seeing patriotism as an imaginary governmental confederacy. He statesthat Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, butby the style in which they are imaginedErnest Gellner (1983) said that patriotism is primarily apolitical dominion that holds the political and the field unit should becongruent. Gellner turn overs that nationalism was something that the modernworld needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation and industrialization. Anthony metalworker was a critic of Gellner saying that he hadmisread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism(Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that the modern world had becomeinconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalismBruielly(1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals orprofessionals miss out on eventful career opportunities this may lead to a organize in national ideology. caseism to him is portrayed throughintellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedouries theoryabout endemical intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned tonationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to findthem suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)Nairn(1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective.He considers nationalism to be a capitalistic phenomenon which can be seen to be aproduct of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation ofnationalism is cogitate with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006).Focusingon Europe, Woodrow Wilsons had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919.He had a plan to divide Europe it into heathenish-linguistic territorial states.The nominate was impracticable as w ell as dangerous, the cost of this feat wouldhave been mass excrescence and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannotbe born theyre made in response to international incentive and power policies(Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the reference point of anxiety and conflict inEuropean write up (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there werecurrently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. Themovements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority arenon-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and their ideologies.There have been two consecutive undulates of separatism. In the 1950s the firstseparatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questionedthe legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closelyfollowed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960stoward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990s. The second wavewas surrou nded by the suppression of peoples rights and liberties under the communistic governances (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001).Recentseparatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by the everyday notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state asthey failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisionswithin the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethni urban center andnationality (Agnew 2001)Guibernau(2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined andgoverned by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or political self-direction based upon the states decision. In most cases within a region that istrying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen arebased upon preceding(prenominal) governmental experiences of nation create. States andnations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities withenduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996)Toest ablish social cohesion for a nation structure bemuse a park identity mustbe established, linguistic campaigns are a puissant tool in doing this. Itallows for people to bring the communities fears together by simplificationembarrassment about speaking a native nomenclature.(Webber 1991 Trueta 2008)TheCatalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975)had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This thenmeant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. Hisregime created tensions in the countrys political arranging. It believed that Spainconsists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). When democracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressingthe regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independent chief metropolis (Mellon,2008) Inhistory by 1898, the nationalist movements of Catalonia and the Basque countryhad emerged in wanting their own identity , these sources of national identitythreatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005 PozoAndrs and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however inmore recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again(Muro 2005). Spain is not however aformal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power toseventeen main(a) communities and two autonomous cities in a system that iscalled the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). Thisis consistent with the theory that contemporaneous separatism is the product ofthe rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nation building project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build trueCatalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas,2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as humanstowers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led bylinguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014that have staged a trans composition in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-daydisparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 historical context Tounderstand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it isimportant to understand the common historical floor within the state. Startingwith the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political andeconomic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th centuryBarcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15thcentury the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime powerthat once existed there was offset to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was atransition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have moreof an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of thereappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan peopl e join due to castilegiving them harsh treatment. Thewar of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unificationand was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (theCiutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and tenet inCatalan and distributed Catalonias possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991)This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regimeoccupation (Gibernau 2000 Gibernau 2014). The events that took place startedthe process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno1988)In the18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. TheNapoleonic invasion devastated the country and lead to political instability(Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes andcreated confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of asociety that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalizationwas misfortune around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisationunder the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions,they were creating a modern centralised state and this was immaculate in 1812.(Giner,1980) The trade unionmovement after World War One was led by the Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) whichhad 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave ofstrikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel primo Riverahad conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Riverasrepression s sack in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In1931 the formation of a Spains republic this was driven by the EsquerraRepublicana de Catalunya. The leftist common front in 1936 won genuineautonomy (Guibernau 2014 Illas 2014). The class system of the society at thattime was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances inurbanisation. (Giner 1980). The genuineautonomy th at was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result ofthe Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Francos Victory in thewar he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying mark on Castileas the ethnic core of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people(Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals andlanguage speakers. The education system feature no Catalan and the streetnames were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propagandachanged the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associatedleftists and anti-Spain doubles as a malignant neoplastic disease of the nation that needed to becured (Richards 1998) The Catalonianpopulation increased with colossal migrations from deprived areas in other partsof Spain during the 1960s and 1970s (Serrano 2013). During this time,Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a p olitical opposition to theshogunate. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded theCatalan identity (Muro 2005). After Francos goal in 1975, a central part of theregional insurance was to supercharge the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian wasdefined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which hadgranted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people tochange the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online60% of people in Catalonia verbalise Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Cataloniansspoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose inthe nineties and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomouscommunities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identityand independence emerge (Muro 2005 Serreno 2013).5.0 Discussion Nationalismchanges all the rules a nations existence is based upon the past experiencesand it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however isnot as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can bedifferent (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previousnation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of theirown culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times asmentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident(Smith 1998). In thefight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of theEuropean union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and theEuropean single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance tothat in Scotland and the Catalan foreign personal matters minister recognises that itshould too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay trueto democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certaincircumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016)Brexitin the UK isnt good news as it questions the European project. An MP calledCiudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the twenty-firstcentury. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez wouldwelcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (TheIndependent 2015) Therise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalangovernment fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the desire toreturn to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fallinto Renans definition in 1882 of a nation agroup of people fall in by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighboursas the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. ArthurMas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemedpoll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financialtimes 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 methodology 6.1.1 daylight 1 Observational study oflandscape Figure 1 The path that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational example Thestreetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area wascarried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meetingback at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure1. Theresults of the small groups were feature to gain a large-scale view of thearea. on this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflictwere taken bank bill of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names andpolitical posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen topotentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format theroute walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a smalldiscussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. Thedifferences in areas we walked through wa s storied as the route lead to a touristarea however was through mainly residential streets.6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative Aguided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that maycommemorate previous conflicts. along the walk the date in which the monumentwas erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it is commemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture andhistory is marked within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments werenoted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents oneside more. Togauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3historical websites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centreand memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story theyare telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), andobservations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present withinthe museum? Is there any impor tant nitty-grittys they are trying to highlight? Isthere a main language? To seewhether the people within the museum either working or see understood itsrole, a articulated lorry structured interview was carried out. The questions asked recorded theirunderstanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whetherany part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews Amethod of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitativedata on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilstgathering information about the person in question. The questions that wereasked wereAre you from this region?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the moment?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence?Do you think this will be achieved peacefully?Thesequestions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person,the language in which they see to be their la nguage, their politicalparticipation, their views about the last referendum and views on nextindependence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohenand Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviewsas you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlightthe importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the sameinformation to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are similar and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the resultscould be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls thathave been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region havechanged over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 itinerary taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative DataA denary data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey.Social vulnerability shows which eleme nts of society are worrying the most. Thesurvey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agreewith the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statementsrepresented the social, economic, environmental and political situations alongwith opinions on the prospective of Catalonia.This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed theresults to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiplemethods stated within Duffys (1987)s written document shows that this method gives acomplete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational panorama Fromthe transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city hasundergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observationsgeneralities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelonaby saying that the city was the Paris of Spain. The first nota ble feature wasthat of the layout of the streets, the city consists of jet octagonal blocks.Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the computer architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalanpeople they associate his work with a period called Renaixena, which tried toshow better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city.TheFlags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how theystood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly flown onbuildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flagsonly stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential areadiffered, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. Theycan emit a political heart and soul and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in whichthe Catalan people are not cowardly to change, with a flag holding greatsignificance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send astrong political gist (Borgen, 2010). Alo ngside the Catalan flag EU flagswere found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independencecome an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay withinthe unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels insituations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalismin the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. TheScottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. TheCatalan flags declined in amount when leaving the residential area headingtowards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as thesewere mainly political or service providing set forth such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should beflown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a politicalview, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags wereobserved on hotels and tourist areas. Insome areas both flags of region and state were also see n, this shows loyalty toan area. For example,a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3 (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. Thestreet names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have beeninfluences from Catalan (figure 4a).The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished.The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi it is a statement of the Catalanculture and is the most visited place within Spain. Throughout the streetscape we encounteredpolitical graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions ofpeople within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4 (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads Anti-Fascist Area. 7.2.2 MonumentsMonumentsplay an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture.Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their pol iticalmessage for an independent Catalonia. Theplaza de Torro monumental is a bull engagement ring that existed in the 20thcentury. The building is influences by Islamic picture replicating dcor fromthe previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building now has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as theyhad ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from theculture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelonain 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc linksBarcelonas medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, withthe Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park hasa Zoo and an elaborate overflow which at the time was put in place to show how travel the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in thepast, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand pr ojectthat took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to itwas Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealisingwomen and sexism that existed at that time. A band stand within the Cuitedella Park wasdedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized thecities progressive tense attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalanstatue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first andsecond war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regimewith its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) wasobserved within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seento be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714.This site for Catalonians is a monitoring device of the homage. On the 11thof September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. Thesymbolism is contested but it is used to furthe r the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview Tounderstand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalanpeople, three institutions were visited to understand how they wererepresenting the history of their culture. The first site visited was theChristopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universal trip in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor inBarcelona however said that the city should not be celebrating the explorerscolonial legacy (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelingstoward colonialization and suppression. Thesecond Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institutionhas 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from thebottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flowhaving recent achievements from the 21st century. An observationmade was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls werered and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have beenintentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalanculture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi,structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanishpeople will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is theCatalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted insaying that the museum celebrated his heritage and that it has influence inthe separatist movement. Sympatheticlanguage was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorship plane section said the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of itsnationhood strong language was cerebrate upon within the museum. Descriptivewords were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression ofCatalonias identity. Another example of this read in the museum was languagewas a slow and uneven process. The Catalonian history is s howing the notion ofseparatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person atthe museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish believe that this is allmade up showing Spains undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as anation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places thatdeliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007)The el born centre showcases the streetscapewithin Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscaperepresents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, thearchaeologists could have unplowed excavating and gotten to a roman street. Theystopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when itwas a vivacious multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation thatthere were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally tradingtown. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the ElBorne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum willconnect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had beencontroversial. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and hisdictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months howeverit took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. Thehostility and want to forget the dark period of Francos dictatorship isevident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is topromote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of thenation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievancesthat are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 GrievancesCatalonia has a key set of grievances towardsthe Spanish state shown in Figure 5.A few of these issues are deviation to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money thatthe state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historicalgrievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modernindustrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Cataloniaare financial parasites that dont provide enough for Spain. Catalonia todayhas a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. Thepeople of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own fundingwhen new function are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visitedregion within Spain. The media and idiot box play a large part inleft and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views thisway. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the powerto control the media modifies culture and is necessity for the homogenisationof the state. (Gellner 1983)Sport is an important cultural event for Catalanpeople. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation ofthe Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the seventeenthminute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout Independenceas this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. delivery is important when expressing cultureand the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically(Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has beensupressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognisedinternationally. 7.2.5 hatfulresults A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesisof will Catalonia resort to violence togain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Theresults obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from theCatalan government in their recent poll. With the repre sentative sample sizeand closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The surveywas conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplacedetermined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linkedwith how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentagebetween the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not thathigh. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happeningin the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed.Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this mayincrease the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has hadsuch events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representationof some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediationstage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have notyet concluded what they want. Figure 6 Key moments in recen t Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled. 5.2.6 Social Vulnerability SurveyTheseresults are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7 Social vulnerability pentagon, spotlight main worries. Thecloser the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though itis. With the survey showing that people are apprehensive about the governance,environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. Theeconomy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 afterthe recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. Inregards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region.The pass months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, whichwas pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion Toconclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many gene rations. Theconflict so far within the state has rest non-violent however this figurecould change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will startechoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to acceptthe hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort toviolence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum whenother democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with themnot being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yetdisappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results withgovernance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations Thekey recommendations for peace within the region are Allowingthe Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help inimproving infrastructure. Themedia needs to have an unbiased opinion. fiscaldeficit needs improved and theres a lot of tension towards Spain and theuneven taxingGentrificationof city centre, leaving the city centre livable by people who would beworking in the city. Toallow for an semiofficial referendum. BibliographyAgnew,J., 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), pp.103111. Anderson,B. 1983 Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and transmit ofNationalism capital of the United Kingdom Verso. AndersonB (2006) Imagined Communities Reflections on the Origin and Spread ofNationalism, revise edn. London VersoAshworth, G.J., Graham, B.J. and Tunbridge,J.E., 2007.Pluralising pastsheritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. London PlutoPress.BBCNews. Catalonia Profile. BBC News-Europe. 14 August 2013. npag.Web. 20 October 2013 .Breen,C. et al., 2016. inheritance and separatism in Barcelona the case of El BornCultural Centre. International ledger of Heritage Studies, 7258(April),pp.112. Boylan,B.M., 2015. In pursuit of independence The political economy of Cataloniassecessionist movement. Nations and Nationalism, 21(4), pp.761785.Boylan,B. M., 2014. What drives ethnic terrorist campaigns? A view at the group levelof analysis. Conflict focusing and Peace Science, 33(3), pp.250272.Borgen,C.J., 2010. From Kosovo to Catalonia Separatism and Integration in EuropeFrom Kosovo to Catalonia Separatism and. Goettingen Journal of InternationalLaw, 2(3), pp.9971033.Breuilly,J. (1982) Nationalism and the State. Manchester Manchester University Press.Casassas,Brubaker,R. (1996). Nationalism reframed nationhood and the national question in theNew Europe. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Calhoun, C., 1993. Nationalism and ethnicity.Annual review of sociology,19(1), pp.211-239.Coppieters,Secessionist Conflicts in Europe, in D. H. Doyle (ed.), Secession as anInternational Phenomenon From Americas Civil War to Contemporary SeparatistMovements (2010), 237, 247Cohen,D. and Crabtree, B., 2006. Qualitative search guidelines projectDuffy, M.E., 1987. Methodologicaltriangulation a vehicle for merging quantitative and qualitative resea rchmethods. Image The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(3),pp.130-133. Gellner,E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford UK Blackwell Fladmark, J.M., 2015.Heritage and museums Shapingnational identity. Routledge.Woolward 1984 Fearon, J.D., 2004. Why do some civil wars lastso much longer than others?.Journalof Peace Research,41(3),pp.275-301.Gellner, E. and Breuilly, J., 2008.Nations and nationalism.Cornell University Press.Giner,S., 1980. The social structure of Catalonia. Occasional publications /Anglo-Catalan Society, 1, p.78.Guibernau,M., 2000. Nationalism and Intellectuals in Nations without States the CatalanCase. Political Studies, 48(5), pp.9891005.Guibernau,M., 2014. Prospects for an Independent Catalonia. International Journal ofPolitics, horticulture and Society, 27(1), pp.523.Hobsbawm,E.J. & Kertzer, D.J., 1992. Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today.Source Anthropology Today, 8226112(1), pp.38. Illas, E., 2014. Is Catalan Separatism aProgressive Cause?.Dissidences, 5(10), p.7.Kedourie, E., 1960. Nationalism, Hutchinson.Marinzel,A., 2014. Catalonia The Quest for Independence from Spain. , p.6Mellon,J. G. 2008. Urbanism, Nationalism and the Politics of fructify Commemoration andCollective Memory. Canadian Journal of Urban Research 17 (1) 113.Moreno, L., 1988. Scotland and Catalonia thepath to home rule.TheScottish government yearbook, pp.166-181Muro,D. & Quiroga, A., 2005. Spanish nationalism Ethnic or civic? Ethnicities,5(1), pp.929. Nairn,T. (1977) The Break-Up of Britain. London NLB.Patrick,T.Y., 2016. the Zeitgeist of Secession Amidst the March Towards spousal relationship Future of the European UnionPozoAndrs, M.M. del and J. Braster (1999) The Rebirth of the Spanish Race TheState, Nationalism, and pedagogics in Spain, 18751931, European HistoryQuarterly 29(1) 75108.Renan, E., 1996. What is a Nation?.Quest-ce quune nation.Richards,M. (1998) A Time of Silence Civil War and the Culture of Repression inFrancos Spain, 19361945. Cambridge Cam bridge University PressSchaeffer,R. K. 1998 Separatism rationality and irony. In Spencer, M., editor,Separatism democracy and disintegration. Lanham MD Rowman & Littlefield,4368Serrano,I., 2013. Just a Matter of identity? Support for Independence in Catalonia.Regional & Federal Studies, 23(5), pp.523545. Smith, A.D., 1989. The origins of nations.Ethnic and racial studies,12(3), pp.340-367.The Guardian 2011, 2016The financial times 2013 Webber,J. & Strubell i Trueta, M., 1991. The Catalan language xprogress towards normalisation,Trueta, M.S., Bulls and donkeys. Nationalidentity and symbols in Catalonia and Spain.

A cellular network

A carrelular meshingA cell r entirelyyular net profit is a radio stupefy net recreate made of compute of radio cells, from each i severed by frigid positi nonpareild metrical footd property. These cells stations cover some(prenominal)(prenominal) unlike areas and provide large radio coverage. In social club for this to line up a vari suitable number of portable transceivers net be apply in any cell and moved through unrivaled cell during transmission. The use of multiple cells means that if the distributed transceivers are prompt and moving from one point to another point they should change also from cell to cell. This instrument could be different according to the type of network and change of circumstances. In this case clear coordination amid udder station and erratic station is must in order to avoid communication interruption.The most familiar example of cellular interlock is a cell or mobile phone, which is a portable telephony that could be di each(p renominal)ed or receives gossips through base station or transmitting tower. Radio waves transfer signal to and from mobile phone. The coverage area of go provider sometime is split into minor cells in order to prevent signal losses and also a large number of active phones in the area. The range of signals could be different in cities and rural areas. All base stations are attached to mobile phone changees centre, which concern to a public telephone network or to another mobile company counterchange. As the mobile consumer moves from one cell area to another cell, the careen automati bring upy commands the handset and a cell site with a stronger signal (reported by each handset) to switch to a bleak radio channel (frequency). When the handset responds through the reinvigorated cell site, the exchange switches the contact to the bare-assed cell site.Modern cell phones networks use cell as radio frequencies are limited, shared resource, base stations and handsets change fr equency and use low power transmitters in order that limited number of radio frequency can be apply at the same(p) time by many users with slight interferences.To distinguish signals from a varieties of different transmitters, frequency division multiple door (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) has been developed.Advantage of cellular vane over other alternative solutions isIncrease capacity.Power usage reduced. large coverage area.Interference from other signals reduced. readererence paper 10The exploitation of the cellular engagement started to flourish during the last years in which several different ashess were developed as a publication we invite front extension (1G), turn times (2G), third generation (3G) cellular networks and the way is continuously increasing. The first-year generation (1G) was used from 1970-1980 and now is retired. In 1990 the second generation (2G) of vanes were launched such as Global System for mobile communication theory ( GSM), Personal Communications answer (PCS), and Integrated Digital Enhanced cyberspace (IDEN) and so on. The second generation (2G) of networks replaced the (1G) and became very popular with digital processing, enabling wireless transmission of voice as well as info and have different Variety of new features such as a Push to Talk, Short Messaging service(SMS), caller ID, conference calling, voice mail, telecommunicate messaging and so on.After the ongoing success of 2G, carriers to respond to the ecumenic demand of the speed trend, they developed a robust interim generation of cellular Networks which is the 2.5G such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) and so on. This upgrade increase bandwidth needed to support a diverse grade of new applications including large email messages resourceful web browsing, navigation, basic multimedia system faxing and different entropy at typical dialu p speed. This generation of network blend in popular and supported many firms workers. Carriers continuously competing to fetch further enhancement to the new generation of Networks and from as a result we have the third generation (3G) with increased bandwidth to DSL with range of receipts Kbps to 2+Mbps are produced to provide support for much demanding multimedia applications such as characterisation conferencing, voice over (VOIP), full motion video and streaming music to support television programs (satellite radio) and faster file downloads.GSM IT is touchstone mobile telephone system used across Europe and make believed in 1982. Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is one of the second generation (2G) of mobile Networks promoted by the GSM association, became the most popular standard mobile phone in the foundation with over 3 billion customers in more than 212 countries. GSM is a cellular Network and this means that mobile phones connect to it by searching fo r cells or nearest site. GSM has five different cell sites and its presents everywhere makes international roaming very frequent betwixt phones operator also will mobile users to use their device in many realms of the world and change carriers with come forward changing phones. On the other hand GSM benefits Network operators who have the possibility to choose equipment from any worldwide vendors using GSM.Features of GSM are pitiable cost alternative to voice calls.Text messaging.Worldwide taking into custody telephone number (112/999), which connects international travellers to emergency service without knowing the local emergency service number.The GSM standard raise their services adding the general pocket radio service (GPRS), higher speed data transmission using enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE).GSM Network operates in a number of different frequency ranges with continuously enhanced full rate coder-decoder (CODEC). angiotensin converting enzyme of the key f eatures of GSM is the SIM card or subscriber identity model, which contains the users subscription information and phone book.Finally the GSM system and service are governed by ETSI standard, which is a European telecommunication service institute.BTSBSCMSCGMSCVLRHLR overture NetworkMSBSSSMSSOMCEIRAUCOMSSISDNPSTNGSM Sub Systems architectureGSM is a part of 2nd genesis systems. GSMs purpose was to provide a circuit switched telephony service to mobile users. GSM uses Time Division Multiple penetration. GSM has a different mettle network than 2.5 Generation and 3rd Generation theme. The Synchronous Digital hierarchy (SDH) or Synchronous Digital Network (SONET) standards provide a naturalized transmission line in fixed connections as like from BSS to SMSS larboards. within of the totality network, Mobile Application Part signalling (MAP) is used.Functionality of Various Modules of the GSM Systemthither are three subsystems in GSM network .These areBase situation Subsystems (B SS) chemise and Management Subsystems (SMSS) mental process and Maintenance Subsystems (OMSS)Base shoes Subsystems (BSS)In GSM networks, the access network plays a very important role to connect terminals to the network. The access network BSS is connected to the core network. The main purpose of BSS is to set the connection between a Mobile station and the Base Station. The first component of a BSS network is the Base Transceiver Station (BTS), which is responsible from phone line user interface and creating a bridge between the network and the Mobile Station (MS). The second component is the Base Station command (BSC), which is responsible from all the Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). Simply it is responsible to allocate and release carry at air interface. Base Station Subsystems are connected to SMSS and OMSS.Switching and Management Subsystems (SMSS)SMSS is divided into two components. These are Mobile Switching means (MSC) and Gateway Mobile Switching displace (GMSC). M SC is responsible for all the base stations which are connected onto Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) over Base Station Controller (BSC). The GMSC is responsible from the external fixed network line. Whenever in that respect is a phone call, it comes in or goes out from GMSC. All the incoming calls are tell to Home Location annals (HLR) to detect and look at the profile of subscriber in order to determine if the subscriber is able to make a phone call or not . If the call is accepted it goes to MSC, then from MSC the call goes into Visitor Location Register (VLR), VLR knows the location of mobile stations. Simply we can theorise that the VLR is responsible from the access network and also from MSC too.Operation and Maintenance Subsystems (OMSS)Operation and Maintenance Subsystems (OMSS) is mainly responsible for the security of the network. For example, if the phone is stolen or if the subscriber didnt pay his bill. One of the important data bases in OMSS are Equipment Identity Reg ister (EIR) and the Authentication Centre (AUC).Ref 11 wikiUniversal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS)Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is one of the third generation (3G) mobile telecommunication technologies, which is also beingness intentional in a (4G) technology. The name UMTS is introduced by ETSI and is usually used in Europe but adapt other names removed the continent, instructed by 3GPP and is a part of a global ITU IMT-2000 Standard. The most common form of UTMS Network uses Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (IMT direct spread) as the underlying air interface. The idea that lies behind the UMTS is to create a network component which is close to GSM/GPRS and also to be able to operate under this existing GSM/GPRS Network (GERAN). UMTS has an additional Access Network to GERAN. All the components in this new access network are only different than the components in GERAN access network. As it is mentioned before UMTS can work with both Circuit S witch (2G) and Packet Switch reality (2.5G 3G), accordingly there are two access networks. One of these is called Radio Access Network (GERAN) and the second one is called UMTS Terrestrial Access Network (UTRAN). video display UTRAN infrastructureThe GSM network is a circuit switched network, which means, that there are no IP, high data rate or multimedia messages. UTRAN is a software system switched network, where everything is found on IP address, high data rate and many other facilities are available. In GSM infrastructure, we have got a Mobile Station (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC). But this infrastructure is totally different in UTRAN infrastructure. In UTRAN, there is user equipment (UE) which is the same as Mobile Station in GERAN/BSS. Another component is guest B (NB). The thickening B is the base station as BTS and this Node B (NB) is controlled by Radio Network Controller (RNC). RNC is the same as BSC in GERAN/BSS. The main di fferences are higher data rates, enhanced security, new protocols and signalization for enhanced service factors. These are all provided by the new components in an access network of UTRAN/RNC.UMTS there are two core networks and two access networks. The advantage of UMTS is that it is very flexible. UMTS supports both circuit switch and Packet Switch Networks. One core network is designed for CS domain and the other one is designed for PS domain. Circuit switch is for the old generation mobiles but still in use. CS domain is not base on IP we can simply say that CS domain is needed for GSM network. Packed switch domain is based on internet protocol (IP) and has different new protocol and signalling. PS domain enables high speed data rate as a result of this is that video messaging and all these other internet based and high speed data rates can be obtained. PS domain is needed for GPRS and UMTS. In UTRAN/RNS, user wants to make a call. In this case the user equipment (UE) searche s for the nearest Node B and sets the connection. Once the connection is set the call is transferred from Node B (NB) to Radio Network Controller (RNC), From RNC the call goes to PS domain Core Network in GERAN/BSS. Mobile Station (MS) searches for the nearest Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and from here the MS is directed to BSC, if the call is IP based from BSC then the call will be directed to PS domain core network, if the call is not IP based than it goes to CS Domain core network.UMTS Block ArchitectureIub This interface happens between the Node B and RNC. RNC is using I-ub interface to control one or more Node B. The I-ub interface is standardized interface there is also a signalling protocol which uses NBAP.Iur This interface happens between the Radio Network Controllers (RNC). Iur helps the RNC to pass its information or data to another RNC. After this process, the user equipment is transferred to new RNC the signalling protocol uses Radio Network Subscriber Application p art (RNSAP).There are two Iu interface for both PS and CS core networks, one for Iu CS another one is for Iu PS.Iu CS This interface happens between UTRAN/RNS and the circuit switch core network domain. Iu-CS carries voice and signalling between UTRAN/RNS and PS domain core network. The signalling protocol is called RANAP.Iu PS This interface happens between UTRAN/RNS and the packet switch core network domain. This core network is designed for UMTS and GPRS. IuPS carries voice and signalling between UTRAN/RNS and PS domain core networks. The signalling protocol is RANAP.

Evaluation Of Fountas And Pinnell Benchmark

Evaluation Of Fountas And Pinnell bench markThe Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark perspicacity agreement, created by Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell, is frameed to none schoolchilds appropriately into a guided education program, show the gains in student achievement, progress monitoring and site students in need of intervention (those who atomic number 18 not meeting the districts proficiency aims). In short, it relates drill business leader. The sub- disciplines addressed include Word Analysis Skills, tuition Strategies, Comprehending version Materials, Literary Elements and Techniques and Literary work.The test consists primarily of running records, in which the get winder records oral eloquence, interpret errors and self-correction ratios. In addition, it is followed by a retelling and lore discourse between the student and teacher. Finally a writing fast (optional) is aband mavend to the student. In the cathode-ray oscilloscope where I am directly working wit h the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark, we be requiring all students to complete the writing prompt. I gull addressed the yard for the issue under in the evaluation portion. The test is staggered in kindergarten through eighth grade at the end of each quarter. The mind normally takes twenty to thirty minutes. This could take longer if more(prenominal) than one surveyment is needed to find the appropriate benchmark direct. Specific features of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark opinion System allows you to watch up ones mind your students independent and instructional knowledge levels, group students for drill instruction, select school texts that will be productive for a students instruction, task the outcomes of teaching, assess a new students glance overing level for independent take uping and instruction, identify students who need intervention and extra help, document student progress crosswise a school year and across grade levels, create set profiles and in form parents. (Heinemann, 2011)In addition to an accuracy portionage, information rate, self-correction rate and fluency score, the assessment has a Comprehension Conversation that completes the assessment procedures. Students are mandatory to read a text and to have this comprehension conversation, with specific prompts to hold in key catchs for three kinds of thinking- Thinking Within the textbook (getting the literal centre by processing vocalises and stated ideas), Thinking Beyond the Text (getting the implied import and synthesizing information) and Thinking About the Text (responding to the authors invention). (Placeholder1) The content that is covered in the benchmark includes interpreting accuracy, reading comprehension, reading fluency and self-correction ratio. This is interchangeable to the promiscuous assessments being accustomed to students through- out a literacy block in a reading workshop approach.This assessment can be accustomd both(prenominal) con structively and summatively. It is a standardized, teacher-administered, one-on-one assessment it is hand-scored by the teacher. The assessment should be administered by classroom teacher after they have been trained to administer the test. A video is provided to view for staff development or individual teacher viewing. This can help to ensure that the assessment is delivered in a standardized way.The BAS (Benchmark judicial decision System) is based on research in language development, verbiage expansion, reading acquirement, and reading difficulties. Five realms addressed by the National indicant Panel as fundamental to student success in literacy acquisition are assessed in the BAS. These are phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension. The assessment also addresses student motivation and interest in overall reading. According to the official athletic field study document of the assessmentThe field data were collected systematically and analyzed on an ongoing basis to determine the programs achievement of its accusatives. Reports were highly-developed and used as a basis for determining the soundness, complexities, and utility of the program. receiv fitted to the process incorporating ongoing feedback gathered by examine quizzers, the program authors and developers were able to make informed decisions regarding adjustments and refinements. At the conclusion of the field study, an independent data-analysis police squad was brought in to evaluate the programs reliability and hardiness. This formative research was conducted in devil phases. Phase I of the study addressed research questions 1 and 2 Phase II addressed research question 3. Prior to the formative evaluation, an editorial process was used to establish the text leveling.Field exam include a total of 497 students spanning grades K-8. Field testing of System 1 included 252 students and System 2 included 245 students. School sites from which these students were drawn were socioeconomically, ethnically, and geographically diverse. The research goal was to identify typical students. Accordingly, students were selected on the basis of their ability to read and understand texts that were written approximately at grade level or above. Participants were also proficient speakers of English.Each field test examiner determined an individual students eligibility after discussing his or her reading profile with their various(prenominal) teachers. Thirteen field-test examiners were selected. All field-test examiners were educators who had extensive training in administering running records and in utilise early(a) forms of benchmark assessments to assess students reading levels. Field-test examiners were not affiliated with the field sites and therefore could be objective in both identifying students and in administering assessments. Prior to the beginning of the field testing, a two-day intensive training session led by the authors, guided the fie ld-test examiners in the formative evaluations protocols and procedures. A total of 22 different schools participated in field testing of either System 1 or System 2 (some schools participated in both field tests). Field testing took place across the next geographic regions of the United States Boston Metropolitan area 1 examiner 1 school / Providence, Rhode Island 1 examiner 2 schools / Houston Metropolitan area 2 examiners 5 schools / Los Angeles area 4 examiners 6 schools / Columbus, OH, area 3 examiners 5 schools / Orlando, FL, area 2 examiners 3 schools. (Field find out of Reliability and Validity of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark perspicacity Systems 1 and 2). (Fountas and Pinnell, 2011, pp. 2-3)Assessment carriage and ContentThe assessment includes two options of books for each level- System 1 (Grades K-2, Levels A-N) contains 28 Books (14 Fiction and 14 Nonfiction) and System 2 (Grades 3-8, Levels L-Z) contains 30 Books (15 Fiction and 15 Nonfiction). The Fountas and Pinnell levels gradient is a defined continuum of char make foreristics related to the level of subscribe and challenges that a reader meets in a text. At each level (A to Z) texts are analyzed using ten characteristics (1) genre/form (2) text twist (3) content (4) themes and ideas (5) language and literary features (6) sentence complexity (7) vocabulary (8) word difficulty (9) illustrations/graphics and (10) book and print features. Texts are leveled using a highly reliable process in which teams of trained teachers, working severally and then through consensus, assign a level to books after analyzing them match to the ten factors. They are then analyzed by Fountas and Pinnell. The benchmark books were real created to precisely match the gradient, and they were independently analyzed using the same process. (Heinemann, 2011)The Assessment Guide to the BAS describes the administration of the assessment as followsThe students appropriate reading level for the assessment to be adm inistered is based in the students current guided reading level, or can be determined by a Where to arrive word list that was developed by the authors to assist examiners in right away placing a student at his or her appropriate reading level. Next, the administer is to assess the students ability to read and comprehend three levels of books. They are to determine one book that is easy the students independent reading level one book that offered just enough difficult vocabulary and/or concepts to make the reading interesting and challenging , the students instructional reading level and a third book that was too challenging the students hard reading level. the true of reading guidelines, consistent with Fountas and Pinnells framework (2006b), is as follows independent level (95-100 share accuracy) instructional level (90-94 percent accuracy), and hard level (below 90 percent accuracy). (Fountas Pinnell, pp. 180-181)The assessment should be given in the classroom or other fam iliar setting. A reasonably quiet and comfortable environment is inevitable so that distractions do not interfere with the assessment. All materials should be deposit to go accessible to the teacher, so that the assessment may run smoothly with few distractions. If the student bes to be getting frustrated after reading one or two texts, it may be necessary to discover the assessment and begin at a later time.Each of the areas assessed relates to the content and sub-content (in various levels) taught to kindergarten through eighth grade students during their literacy block. The BAS lets the administrator think somewhat, assess and identify a variety of different skills and strategies the reader may have strengths or deficits in. It is designed to measure progress in each of the sub-skills in a way that informs instruction. It is linked to a continuum of observable behaviors to assess and teach for at every level. (Heinemann, 2011) Each teacher in grades kindergarten through eig hth grade has a copy of the continuum. The assessment format is similar to the snug assessments (running records and conferring with readers) used in the classroom. These informal assessments are used periodically end-to-end the quarter. The Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System does require a more in-depth conversation than traditional classroom conferences.The students fluency level is also assessed using the following criteria Readers phrase or group words, through intonation, stress, and pauses. They emphasize the beginnings and endings of phrases by the lift and falling of pitch or by pausing. Students adhere to the authors syntax or sentence structure, reflecting their comprehension. Readers are expressive their reading reflects feeling, anticipation, and character development. Once a students instructional reading level is determined, the student is engaged in a comprehension conversation closely that particular book. If students are unresponsive or give an inco mplete response, educators may prompt them according to a influence set of questions. Next, the teacher rates the students perceptiveness of a text using the Fountas and Pinnell comprehension guidelines. The areas are rated on a scale from 0-3 Thinking within the text, thinking beyond the text and thinking some the text.Evaluating the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment SystemA review of the benchmark assessment shows no slash towards individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, gender or disabilities. Students with disabilities are given the assessment that aligns with their individual progress along the literacy continuum and text gradient for the reader. At times, when the fluency level is timed, an educator may note on the post specific speech issues. All other accommodations as mandated by their IEPs are allowed. The assessment is used to determine reading ability, therefore, students with IEPs requiring that test be read for certain circumstance are not allowed this accommodation for the benchmark. The wording and content of the benchmark assessment is predominately age and grade appropriate. However, for students reading extremely below their age or grade level peers, the text may seem immature for their age. The gradient levels of difficulty of the text chosen for the assessment were guardedly thought out and field tested.I feel the content validity of the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System can be improved by adding a more rigorous requirement in the writing about reading area. I do not feel that one prompt adequately show how a student can write about reading. In addition, I feel that as students move into the older grades, that comprehension should be judged more on the students writing about the text than a comprehension conversation. One other area of the assessment could be improved. on that point are only two books, one fiction and one nonfiction, at each level. This does not give educators much room for error or sp ecial education teachers room to reassess at a similar level, identifying strengths in a particular sub-content and not just text level gradient.There is at least one circumstance per buns, with some items having more than one item per target. Some of the sub-content areas did not have a target for each taxonomy level, but with further investigation (into the upper grade Benchmark Assessment, possibly) it would most likely cover each taxonomy level. In addition, each item does belong on the assessment and relates to a specific sub-content area/taxonomy level. The Illinois drill Standards addressed include 1.A.1b Comprehend unfamiliar words using scene clues and prior knowledge verify meanings with resource materials, 1.B.1c Continuously check and clear up for reason (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, use pregnant substitutions), 1.B.2d Read age-appropriate material aloud with fluency and accuracy, 1.C.2b Make and support inferences and form meter readings about main themes and topics, 1.C.2d Summarize and make generalizations from content and relate to purpose of material, 1.C.2e Explain how authors and illustrators use text and art to express their ideas (e.g., points of view, design hues, metaphor), 1.C.1f Use information presented in simple tables, maps and charts to form an interpretation, 2.A.2b Describe how literary elements (e.g., theme, character, setting, plot, tone, conflict) are used in literature to create meaning and 2.B.1a oppose to literary materials by connecting them to their get experience and communicate those responses to others.Classroom Assessment Blueprint and Learning TargetsThe classroom assessment blueprint and the list of study targets appear below. Assessment items and the number of the associated learning target are included in the blueprint. opineingUnderstandingApplyingAnalyzingEvaluatingCreatingTotalTargetsWord Analysis Skills1. depict the meaning of unfamiliar words using prior knowledge2. break up the meaning of unfamiliar words using context clues.22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy.20. Constructs literal meaning of the text through solving words.4Reading Strategies4. Reads primarily in larger, meaningful phrases or word groups.23. Predicts information about the text.5. Demonstrates fluency by reading using mostly smooth, expressive interpretation and pausing guided by authors meaning and punctuation.3. Assess and clarify for understanding (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, and use meaningful substitutions).4Comprehend Reading Materials6. devolve ideas by reference to details in the text.18. pose the main ideas and supporting details of a flooring or fiction passage.9. Summarize a story or non-fiction passage.19. Demonstrate sharp understanding of the text through summarizing. (Includes just about all important information and main ideas.)10. Demonstrate understanding of characters in a sto ry or non-fiction passage (i.e. through retell).11. account connections with prior knowledge or in-person experiences.25. Infers what is implied but not stated in the text.22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy.** cardinal places**17. Tell the main idea of a non-fiction paragraph.27. Write a response about the reading (from given prompt).10Literary Elements and Techniques7. fructify setting in a story or fiction passage.8. Recall chronological succession of events.12. Summarize the major events in a narrative.29. Demonstrate an understanding of the foxiness and structure of a text (literary language, story structure, perspective, etc.).16. Distinguish elements of the authors craft.30. Support knowledge and ideas (and act on them) to include ones thinking by writing in response to text15. Construct chronological sequence of events after reading a story or fiction passage.7Literary Works24. pose key details when summarizing a story or non-fiction passage.28. call up and rep ort key ideas and details from texts, including understanding characters.13. Point out the authors purpose.14. fork out how the authors purpose affects the interpretation of the reading selection.26. Tells new information by synthesizing and ever-changing own ideas.5Learning TargetsStudents will be able to1. Identify the meaning of unfamiliar words using prior knowledge.2. Discover the meaning of unfamiliar words using context clues.3. Assess and clarify for understanding (e.g., reread, read ahead, use visual and context clues, ask questions, retell, and use meaningful substitutions).4. Reads primarily in larger, meaningful phrases or word groups.5. Demonstrates fluency by reading using mostly smooth, expressive interpretation and pausing guided by authors meaning and punctuation.6. Recall ideas by reference to details in the text.7. Define setting in a story or fiction passage.8. Recall sequence of events.9. Summarize a story or non-fiction passage.10. Demonstrate understanding of characters in a story or non-fiction passage (i.e. through retell).11. Identify connections with prior knowledge or personal experiences.12. Summarize the major events in a narrative.13. Point out the authors purpose.14. Interpret how the authors purpose affects the interpretation of the reading selection.15. Construct chronological sequence of events after reading a story or fiction passage.16. Distinguish elements of the authors craft.17. Tell the main idea of a non-fiction paragraph.18. Identify the main ideas and supporting details of a story or fiction passage.19. Demonstrate excellent understanding of the text through summarizing. (Includes almost all important information and main ideas.)20. Constructs literal meaning of the text through solving words.22. Monitors own understanding and accuracy.23. Predicts information about the text.24. Identify key details when summarizing a story or non-fiction passage.25. Infers what is implied but not stated in the text.26. Tells new in formation by synthesizing and changing own ideas.27. Write a response about the reading (from given prompt).28. Remember and report key ideas and details from texts, including understanding characters.29. Demonstrate an understanding of the craft and structure of a text (literary language, story structure, perspective, etc.).30. Support knowledge and ideas (and act on them) to include ones thinking by writing in response to text.