The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House | Analysis

The commodious Gatsby and A Dolls House Analysis originationThe brisk The go forthstanding(p) Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is set in the Jazz mature of America in the 1920s, where the end of the Great contend brought a percentage point of two-eyed violet and prosperity. Mass production leaseed to a greater extent(prenominal) than than wider access to new consumer goods, a great deal(prenominal) as radios and cars. The wo manpower of this era wore short hair and short dresses, and in opusy an(prenominal) Western countries they fin exclusivelyy achieved the dear to vote. The former restrictions that applied to women were replaced by a new touch sensationing of freedom. The scat A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen was testify prison term performed in 1879, and by dint of the images of Nora and Torvald Helmer it illustrates the rate and proceed power of women in matrimonys of the latish Nineteenth Century. Torvald Helmer would stick let out been easily recogni sed by the listening as a vocalisation depiction of the middle class male pose. sexual pr lickice affairs argon highly defined in this play even with the sound limitations of women and expectation that women would remain in domestic smears. Attitudes to marriage and kinds ar reflected arduously in these two pieces of work, where both protagonists, although they sh atomic number 18 some similarities, charter highly differing perceptions of what they extremity in life, which includes the disparate outlook each has on their matrimonial family family blood.Each of these works nooky be con emplacementred as early contri scarcelyors to the soundbox of newfangled books. Although both be intensively concerned with their specific personas, they allow the contributor to come to an appreciation of attitudes towarfareds matrimony and relationships.Both The Great Gatsby and A Dolls House consecrate make their contribution into the collection of literature that conve y marked the 1800-1900s, and finished their portrayal of interesting and uniquely developed characters they behave allowed reflection on the golf-club of their measure. Both pieces of work are sophisticated in the sense of dealing with challenging issues which face modern nightspot. The women Daisy Buchanon from The Great Gatsby and Nora Helmer from A Dolls House have been specifically chosen, creation the obedient and subordinate possessions of their hubbys, who on the face of it mask their possible intellectual electric potential. Whilst Nora develops a dramatic character change throughout the drama by realising her duties to herself, Daisy remains and accepts the kindred mortal she was at the beginning of The Great Gatsby. In this essay, comparisons gift be make concerning both Nora and Daisys relationships with their preserves and fryren, as well as a deeper analysis into their personalities, show their secret beliefs and motivations.In Fitzgeralds The Great Ga tsby, each character is n onenessworthy when upholding the confusions and complwall plugies of friendly relationships. The newfangled is con human facered a commission of the golden age of jazz and all of its extremes. The commenceies that Gatsby would host demonstrated the extreme ostentation of this era wealth, luxury and corruption. The unexampled begins with a verse quotation from Thomas Park DInvilliers to introduce it then(prenominal) wear the gold hat, if that go away move her and this is suggesting that one must do all things possible to impress the cleaning lady whose love one seeks. The novel is narrated by break away Carraway, he is a persona adopted by the author and as a moral barometer the readers can value his insights and look that he volition be a reliable informant. Through his eyeball and experiences we meet other characters and learn of all the relationships include in the novel.The chronology of the events of The Great Gatsby begins with the prota gonist, Jay Gatsby, meeting and falling in love with a young Daisy microscopical-arm he is comfort a despicable officer. When he is sent oerseas, Daisy marries the rattling rich to that degree fierce tom tur severalise Buchanan. Fitzgerald gives the readers a star significant tonicity of turkey cock through the use of m either an(prenominal) descriptive adjectives. The basic while the readers are introduced to him he is in riding c cumulationhes this accentuates his muscularity, and his high boots are an connection with military authority, and the item that he was standing with his legs apart quests a stance of confidence and power.Daisy, who dumbfounds turkey cocks wife, is overly introduced to the readers in an imposing way. She is described as charming, passionate and witty and the readers learn that she had a sad and lovely face. Fitzgerald shows her physical composition as appealing, attention seeking, seductive and captivating in the sense that when she duologue one enjoys cosmos in her presence. gobbler and Daisy excessively have a triple form old daughter. When the readers are introduced to these characters they as well as learn that the relationship amidst them is not a typical relationship that a unify mates are expected to have.To add, when Gatsby learns that tomcat and Daisy married he decides to follow wealth endlessly until he becomes a self-make millionaire. Gatsby then moves to tender York and occupies a great mansion, where he begins to host generous parties to which he is wannabe that Daisy get out appear. Nick Carraway, the narrator of the novel, lives next door to Gatsby and he is to a fault Daisys cousin. When Gatsby learns this, he befriends Nick trusting that this allow orchestrate him to see Daisy over again, which eventually does happen. The relationship betwixt Gatsby and Daisy then is the rekindled, which introduces the readers to the central passion of the book as well as one of the closely prominent relationships in the novel. advertize more, the married relationship mingled with Daisy and Tom is a very unusual one due to the event that Tom has a mistress in unseasoned York Myrtle Wilson, who is likewise a married woman. The odd thing is Daisys attitude towards this relationship Daisy continues to assay with Tom despite her knowledge of his unfaithfulness, and this is the thrust of the novel. This stagger Nick who does not chthonicstand why Daisy does not rush out of the house, child in arms, and also raises the central question, why does Daisy stay with Tom?Additionally, when Nick goes to visit Tom and Daisy at the beginning of the novel, Daisy confides in Nick, she calls herself cynical, and this is reflected in her negative approach to life and relationships. She also tells Nick that she cried when her daughter was born, the opera hat thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful puny fool. Daisy indicates that being a fool will value a girl from the ha rsh truth of infidelity. Daisy cried when her daughter was born, sadness is refractory in her life. The readers can cherish that Daisy is not a fool be get under ones skin if she were she wouldnt be concerned to the highest degree Toms mistress, and Tom is not a caring husband because when his child was born he was not nearby which is kn deliver when Daisy tells Nick that Tom was God knows where when their daughter was less than an hour old. This goes to add to the capricious fact that Daisy does not bequeath Tom, despite intimately everything being terms in their marriage.Also, the relationship amongst Myrtle and Tom is one that is distinctly driven by wealth. Tom entertains Myrtle in an flatbed in bracing York. She was young when she married her husband, George Wilson, and she thought that he was a world she had little knowledge that he was a simple soul who had borrowed a suit for his wedding. She loves the sense of wealth from Tom that George could neer provide, and she corset with Tom because of this as well as the status, prestige and ego-flattery that he provides her with. Myrtle enjoys the life style with Tom, in a boasting tone she chatters about the things she intends to purchase. These items are cheapjack consumables of no financial consequence to Tom.Furthermore, Myrtle enjoys being a air hostess which is reflected in the confident manner she behaves in. She changes into an elaborate dress when they get to their apartment with Nick and smiles with pride whenever complemented. When Tom slaps her and breaks her nose at the apartment he has provided her with, he proclaims his power and sense of male authority because that is the type of man he is. This goes to display that this relationship offers Myrtle the wealth and status she would never be able to receive from George only spending her to want it more from Tom.Additionally, when Gatsby invites Nick out for lunch he introduces him to Meyer Wolfsheim, who was reputed to be a risk t aker who fixed the World Series in 1919.This illegal act link up Gatsby with a shady and suspicious reputation. There is no proof that Gatsby was heterogeneous in this illegal act but in that respect is a long-standing association amidst the men this linkage soils Gatsby, which shows that the relationship between the two men is not a decent one. The readers know that Gatsby originated as a poor deprived man, who suddenly, driven by his love for Daisy, became wealthy and sustained oft more then populate knew he could afford. This goes to show that the origin of Gatsbys wealth whitethorn have come illegitimately and so it is not guaranteed that he whitethorn have this wealth forever.Moreover, the play A Dolls House is a clear analysis of a character that goes through a great dynamic change only to find her true self and to get recognise back of the dishonest perception of herself in the eyes of those around her. This change gratuity the character to become fully aware of her life along with an spirit of what an insincere life she had mis takenly led, and this character is known as Nora Helmer. At the beginning of the play, Nora is portrayed as a childish and naive woman of the house with a talent for spending money. This view is conveyed through the parent child dialogue she has with her husband and his usual categorization of Nora as an expensive little person with a talent for melting his money in her hands. This evidently reveals Noras relationship with her husband to be very similar to that of a relationship between a spoiled child and his parents.Also, through the character of Nora, Ibsen shows us that a woman is expected to be little more than a child in her own marriage, incapable of taking on estimable issues, and useful only for her ability to amuse her husband. During the fertilise of the play, as Ibsen takes the reader through the climax of Noras controlled life, he shows how Nora develops into a wiser and more determined woman who l earns to have her say. Noras development is highlighted and guided with her growing courage, her direct attempts to become more equal with her husband, and her decision at the end of the play conveys Ibsens idea that a woman has a duty to herself, and that the marriage she shared with Torvald was so confining to the extent where she could only fulfil her duty to herself by leaving her husband.However, Nora learns this through the experiences she undergoes while she was treated more like Torvalds child quite an than his wife. The fact that she does not retreat at Torvalds comparison of her to minor creatures, but rather she even links herself into his terminology by saying things much(prenominal)(prenominal) as we skylarks and squirrels just proves how blind Nora was towards her husbands arrogance and superiority. A major theme of the play, invocation or the gap between appearing and reality, is introduced in the very commencement word of the play Hide. Nora wants to hide the C hristmas tree so that the children dont see it originally it is decorated. The theme is developed throughout the play until it is realized that Noras entire relationship with her husband is establish on many layers of deception one of these layers is that Nora was ever aware of the need to flatter and protect Torvalds masculine ego. She disguises her anxiety over the repayment of the substantial loan in order to protect Torvald from his own somewhat exaggerated sensitivity.Another strange deception in the play is the macaroons, which are symbolic to their relationship. Torvald forbids them while Nora enjoys them secretly, which just shows that Nora is capable of lies and deception. But the fact that Torvald forbids them because they will spoil Noras teeth also adds to the way in which Nora has more of a father-daughter relationship with Torvald, rather than a husband and wife relationship, because that is a strange instruction to be given to an adult.The deceptive relationship bet ween Torvald and Nora is contrasted with that between Dr Rank and Nora. With Dr Rank, Nora is able to be more truthful and drops the childish-flirtatious act she employs with Torvald, and she is able to have open conversations with him, which shows the audience a different side of Nora. Through the relationship she has with Dr Rank the audience are able to appreciate that Nora can be treated as a woman and direct different situations in a much stronger manner than Torvald.In A Dolls House, Ibsen explores his interest in the role of women in parliamentary law. He raises questions about how much a woman has to compromise her own wishes and aims in order to vista into society. Mrs Linde has had to give up her true love, Krogstad, and marry a man she did not love in order to gain the financial security she essential to look after her mother and brothers. This is known when Nora asks Kristina why she married her husband and she replies My mother was still alive she was bedridden and stand byless, and I had my two younger brothers to look after I didnt feeling I could refuse his offer. Therefore, because she let the relationship with her loved one go in order to have the wealth she needed to look after her family, which shows that her life has been one of self-immolation rather than self-fulfilment. The relationship between Kristina Linde and Krogstad constitutes the sub-plot. It is of less importance of that of the Helmers, but serves as a contrast to aid the sense of the audience of the relationship between the protagonists. Krogstad and Kristina find the mutual need, they are open and truthful, and they move towards emotional love.Ibsen has busy Krogstad to provide a device to bring the play to a climax. He has also provided a different male paradigm to that of Torvald, and when he had fulfil these tasks, he takes no further part in the play. Krogstad does not hold a grudge he is not vindictive and is prepared to orison the return of his letter from T orvald. However Kristina makes the decisive decision of the play, she wants Torvald to find out the truth of Noras secret it was she who saved Torvalds life, she borrowed money and forged her fathers signature without his consent.The novel The Great Gatsby investigates the new incidents that women began take part in society throughout the 1920s. Throughout the novel, in contrast to life before the early 1900s, women were almost on equilibrium with men they were allowed to dress and behave like them. They were also allowed to drink and act in an improper manner at parties, and they also began to express their views more openly. This dramatic change had a great hazard on the new established place that they held in society. Daisy is a character who had the wealth and beauty that other girls would dream of, save she let Tom degrade her and philander with other women, which made her the wanting(p)(p) of their relationship. Eventually as the novel goes on, Daisy gives herself a sense of freedom when she has the affair with Gatsby, and this is known when Tom is on the telephone, and it is rumoured that he is talking to his girl. Daisy kisses Gatsby and tells him, You know I love you,which is followed by a firm allegement to Jordan Baker I dont care, which displays Daisy reacting against Toms infidelity and proclaiming her own standing and independence.Whats more is that although Torvald may regard Nora as extremely inferior to him, he had never used physical violence against her, as Tom of The Great Gatsby did on his mistress. When Myrtle attempts to elevate herself by speaking about Daisy, Tom hazardously lashes out and breaks her nose. Although di in a bad way(p), Myrlte accepts that she has been put in her place as inferior and submissive to Tom.To add, Tom would answer the calls of his mistress at dinner party time indicating that he did not have an ounce of concern for Daisys feelings whatsoever. On the other hand, Nora was Torvalds whole world, and he wou ld not dream of contuseing her. Therefore, when Daisy decides to stay with Tom while Nora decides to leave Torvald, the readers are left in a confused produce. Daisy stays with Tom because despite everything they are from the same friendly status. Tom offered Daisy certainty of spatial relation, while Gatsby has an upstart, and there are suspicions about his money. Gatsby also has no reputation in the background of being affablely acceptable. Daisy stays with the base of socially stable people, and even though Gatsby loves her, she finds her wealth and position in society more significant.Furthermore, Noras ultimate decision of deciding to leave her husband and children may seem uncalled for, only she did have earths which supported her decision. The relationship she shared with Torvald was that like a father-daughter relationship, it was dishonest as well as hypocritical. There was no love between them she was Torvalds doll wife and when she realises this she tells Torvald I dont love you anymore. At the end of the play, Nora is aware of herself and the subordinate inferior position she held for so many years. She feels a strong sense of injustice, firstly by her father and the by her husband, and she accuses Torvald Its your fault Ive made nothing of my life. When she states her intention I must try to educate myself Torvald is concerned only about appearance you havent thought of what people will say and then pathetically says I could change followed by his plaintive suggestion couldnt we live here as brother and sister? Both these ideas were dismissed out of hand by Nora.When Ibsen presented the Helmer family to his 19th vitamin C audience, he had a strong intention of exploitation the dramatic situation to further the consideration of the need for the status of women to be reappraised. He rejected the traditional view of women as inferior appendages to men. Ibsen cerebrated that marriage should be a mutual arrangement, and that women had the r ight to develop their potential through education and involvement in the commercial world. His strongly implied criticism of Torvald Helmer was a criticism of the traditional male paradigm.F. Scott Fitzgerald set out to present an model of American life during the exuberant breaker point of the early 1920s. Although it was a time when women rejected restrictive traditions, Fitzgerald presents more as a social percipient then crusader for change. The traditional bonds of status and security are what hold Daisys relationship with Tom together. Their marriage was far from perfect, but it was sustained they werent blessed and further they werent unhappy either there was an unmistakable air of native intimacy about the picture, and anybody would have said that they were conspiring together.CONCLUSIONThis essay examined the different attitudes to marriage and relationships that are evident in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ib sen, and in due course it was clearly evident that neither Ibsen nor Fitzgerald present marriage from the perspective of a romantic bond there are other more mulish considerations involved. Through F. Scott Fitzgerald, romance was presented through Jay Gatsby which was ultimately doomed due to the obsessional and irrational nature of it.Both literary works show the audience that marriage and relationships are impacted on by wider pressures of society in life but whether a marriage is sustained seems to be up to individual preference.The apparent irony evident in the two pieces of literature is the fact that Nora leaves Torvald, despite the fact that he had never physically hurt her nor was he ever unfaithful to her while Daisy stays with Tom and his violent and unfaithful nature. Daisy had more reason to leave Tom than Nora had to leave Torvald, but both characters ultimately made unexpected decisions which left its impact on the audience. Daisys attitude towards marriage is not g round on infatuation or love rather it is built on her status, both financial and social, and that is what she considers to be luxury. Noras regard for marriage was initially founded on what she thought was love as she knew nothing more or less. However throughout the play she learns and develops into a woman able to make her own decisions where her marriage becomes an obstacle to her individuality.Further exploration of these two works could be undertaken to explore the conflicting pressures that are faced by mothers in unhappy marriages and relationships.Catalonia fib of freedomCatalonia History of Independence1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historicly supressed land indoors Spain. aft(prenominal) 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan patriotism. Most latterly the Catalan character has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority inwardly t he theatrical role which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The underwrite showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and next threats are key concerns. The report highlights the grievances indoors the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction europium is experiencing modern day sequestration, with before long over 25 active independent movements. Spain is the most divided nation inside Europe having experienced the most elegant wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the sum west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have freshly called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attention rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an tactile sensation that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which gisted in Arthu r mass, Catalonias president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theo reard based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a lowest vote of no and to stay in spite of appearance the United Kingdom (The financial times 2014) Most new-fashionedly with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European pairing, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay inside the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. Within Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a join Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Br exit, the European union is not being presented in a tyrannically. Withinthis report the tern nation is release to be examined at bottom theoretical andhistorical contexts to better understand the independent movement in spite of appearanceCatalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to collaborate the opinions of theCatalan population on the image of independence and whether they compute it willbe obtained peacefully.3.0 Research context Tounderstand the current situation inwardly Catalonia its place within theories mustbe examined. peoplealism is defined as a governmental programme. It consists of meetings of people who define as nations who form territorial states that have aunity diction (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within hisspeech that a nation was a group of people fall in by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours. Thisnation joins biographies to have one mutual historical record (Calhoun1993). Nations and pat riotism can be acomplex comment with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with manyscholars by seeing patriotism as an imaginary governmental confederacy. He statesthat Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, butby the style in which they are imaginedErnest Gellner (1983) said that patriotism is primarily apolitical dominion that holds the political and the field unit should becongruent. Gellner turn overs that nationalism was something that the modernworld needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation and industrialization. Anthony metalworker was a critic of Gellner saying that he hadmisread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism(Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that the modern world had becomeinconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalismBruielly(1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals orprofessionals miss out on eventful career opportunities this may lead to a organize in national ideology. caseism to him is portrayed throughintellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedouries theoryabout endemical intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned tonationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to findthem suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)Nairn(1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective.He considers nationalism to be a capitalistic phenomenon which can be seen to be aproduct of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation ofnationalism is cogitate with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006).Focusingon Europe, Woodrow Wilsons had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919.He had a plan to divide Europe it into heathenish-linguistic territorial states.The nominate was impracticable as w ell as dangerous, the cost of this feat wouldhave been mass excrescence and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannotbe born theyre made in response to international incentive and power policies(Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the reference point of anxiety and conflict inEuropean write up (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there werecurrently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. Themovements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority arenon-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and their ideologies.There have been two consecutive undulates of separatism. In the 1950s the firstseparatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questionedthe legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closelyfollowed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960stoward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990s. The second wavewas surrou nded by the suppression of peoples rights and liberties under the communistic governances (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001).Recentseparatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by the everyday notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state asthey failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisionswithin the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethni urban center andnationality (Agnew 2001)Guibernau(2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined andgoverned by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or political self-direction based upon the states decision. In most cases within a region that istrying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen arebased upon preceding(prenominal) governmental experiences of nation create. States andnations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities withenduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996)Toest ablish social cohesion for a nation structure bemuse a park identity mustbe established, linguistic campaigns are a puissant tool in doing this. Itallows for people to bring the communities fears together by simplificationembarrassment about speaking a native nomenclature.(Webber 1991 Trueta 2008)TheCatalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975)had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This thenmeant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. Hisregime created tensions in the countrys political arranging. It believed that Spainconsists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). When democracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressingthe regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independent chief metropolis (Mellon,2008) Inhistory by 1898, the nationalist movements of Catalonia and the Basque countryhad emerged in wanting their own identity , these sources of national identitythreatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005 PozoAndrs and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however inmore recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again(Muro 2005). Spain is not however aformal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power toseventeen main(a) communities and two autonomous cities in a system that iscalled the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). Thisis consistent with the theory that contemporaneous separatism is the product ofthe rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nation building project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build trueCatalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas,2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as humanstowers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led bylinguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014that have staged a trans composition in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-daydisparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 historical context Tounderstand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it isimportant to understand the common historical floor within the state. Startingwith the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political andeconomic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th centuryBarcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15thcentury the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime powerthat once existed there was offset to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was atransition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have moreof an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of thereappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan peopl e join due to castilegiving them harsh treatment. Thewar of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unificationand was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (theCiutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and tenet inCatalan and distributed Catalonias possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991)This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regimeoccupation (Gibernau 2000 Gibernau 2014). The events that took place startedthe process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno1988)In the18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. TheNapoleonic invasion devastated the country and lead to political instability(Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes andcreated confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of asociety that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalizationwas misfortune around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisationunder the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions,they were creating a modern centralised state and this was immaculate in 1812.(Giner,1980) The trade unionmovement after World War One was led by the Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) whichhad 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave ofstrikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel primo Riverahad conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Riverasrepression s sack in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In1931 the formation of a Spains republic this was driven by the EsquerraRepublicana de Catalunya. The leftist common front in 1936 won genuineautonomy (Guibernau 2014 Illas 2014). The class system of the society at thattime was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances inurbanisation. (Giner 1980). The genuineautonomy th at was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result ofthe Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Francos Victory in thewar he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying mark on Castileas the ethnic core of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people(Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals andlanguage speakers. The education system feature no Catalan and the streetnames were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propagandachanged the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associatedleftists and anti-Spain doubles as a malignant neoplastic disease of the nation that needed to becured (Richards 1998) The Catalonianpopulation increased with colossal migrations from deprived areas in other partsof Spain during the 1960s and 1970s (Serrano 2013). During this time,Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a p olitical opposition to theshogunate. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded theCatalan identity (Muro 2005). After Francos goal in 1975, a central part of theregional insurance was to supercharge the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian wasdefined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which hadgranted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people tochange the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online60% of people in Catalonia verbalise Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Cataloniansspoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose inthe nineties and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomouscommunities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identityand independence emerge (Muro 2005 Serreno 2013).5.0 Discussion Nationalismchanges all the rules a nations existence is based upon the past experiencesand it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however isnot as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can bedifferent (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previousnation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of theirown culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times asmentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident(Smith 1998). In thefight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of theEuropean union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and theEuropean single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance tothat in Scotland and the Catalan foreign personal matters minister recognises that itshould too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay trueto democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certaincircumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016)Brexitin the UK isnt good news as it questions the European project. An MP calledCiudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the twenty-firstcentury. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez wouldwelcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (TheIndependent 2015) Therise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalangovernment fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the desire toreturn to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fallinto Renans definition in 1882 of a nation agroup of people fall in by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighboursas the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. ArthurMas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemedpoll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financialtimes 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 methodology 6.1.1 daylight 1 Observational study oflandscape Figure 1 The path that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational example Thestreetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area wascarried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meetingback at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure1. Theresults of the small groups were feature to gain a large-scale view of thearea. on this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflictwere taken bank bill of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names andpolitical posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen topotentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format theroute walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a smalldiscussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. Thedifferences in areas we walked through wa s storied as the route lead to a touristarea however was through mainly residential streets.6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative Aguided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that maycommemorate previous conflicts. along the walk the date in which the monumentwas erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it is commemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture andhistory is marked within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments werenoted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents oneside more. Togauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3historical websites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centreand memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story theyare telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), andobservations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present withinthe museum? Is there any impor tant nitty-grittys they are trying to highlight? Isthere a main language? To seewhether the people within the museum either working or see understood itsrole, a articulated lorry structured interview was carried out. The questions asked recorded theirunderstanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whetherany part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews Amethod of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitativedata on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilstgathering information about the person in question. The questions that wereasked wereAre you from this region?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the moment?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence?Do you think this will be achieved peacefully?Thesequestions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person,the language in which they see to be their la nguage, their politicalparticipation, their views about the last referendum and views on nextindependence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohenand Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviewsas you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlightthe importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the sameinformation to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are similar and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the resultscould be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls thathave been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region havechanged over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2 itinerary taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative DataA denary data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey.Social vulnerability shows which eleme nts of society are worrying the most. Thesurvey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agreewith the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statementsrepresented the social, economic, environmental and political situations alongwith opinions on the prospective of Catalonia.This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed theresults to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiplemethods stated within Duffys (1987)s written document shows that this method gives acomplete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational panorama Fromthe transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city hasundergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observationsgeneralities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelonaby saying that the city was the Paris of Spain. The first nota ble feature wasthat of the layout of the streets, the city consists of jet octagonal blocks.Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the computer architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalanpeople they associate his work with a period called Renaixena, which tried toshow better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city.TheFlags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how theystood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly flown onbuildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flagsonly stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential areadiffered, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. Theycan emit a political heart and soul and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in whichthe Catalan people are not cowardly to change, with a flag holding greatsignificance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send astrong political gist (Borgen, 2010). Alo ngside the Catalan flag EU flagswere found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independencecome an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay withinthe unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels insituations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalismin the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. TheScottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. TheCatalan flags declined in amount when leaving the residential area headingtowards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as thesewere mainly political or service providing set forth such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should beflown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a politicalview, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags wereobserved on hotels and tourist areas. Insome areas both flags of region and state were also see n, this shows loyalty toan area. For example,a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3 (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. Thestreet names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have beeninfluences from Catalan (figure 4a).The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished.The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi it is a statement of the Catalanculture and is the most visited place within Spain. Throughout the streetscape we encounteredpolitical graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions ofpeople within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4 (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads Anti-Fascist Area. 7.2.2 MonumentsMonumentsplay an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture.Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their pol iticalmessage for an independent Catalonia. Theplaza de Torro monumental is a bull engagement ring that existed in the 20thcentury. The building is influences by Islamic picture replicating dcor fromthe previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building now has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as theyhad ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from theculture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelonain 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc linksBarcelonas medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, withthe Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park hasa Zoo and an elaborate overflow which at the time was put in place to show how travel the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in thepast, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand pr ojectthat took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to itwas Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealisingwomen and sexism that existed at that time. A band stand within the Cuitedella Park wasdedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized thecities progressive tense attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalanstatue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first andsecond war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regimewith its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) wasobserved within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seento be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714.This site for Catalonians is a monitoring device of the homage. On the 11thof September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. Thesymbolism is contested but it is used to furthe r the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview Tounderstand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalanpeople, three institutions were visited to understand how they wererepresenting the history of their culture. The first site visited was theChristopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universal trip in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor inBarcelona however said that the city should not be celebrating the explorerscolonial legacy (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelingstoward colonialization and suppression. Thesecond Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institutionhas 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from thebottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flowhaving recent achievements from the 21st century. An observationmade was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls werered and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have beenintentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalanculture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi,structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanishpeople will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is theCatalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted insaying that the museum celebrated his heritage and that it has influence inthe separatist movement. Sympatheticlanguage was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorship plane section said the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of itsnationhood strong language was cerebrate upon within the museum. Descriptivewords were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression ofCatalonias identity. Another example of this read in the museum was languagewas a slow and uneven process. The Catalonian history is s howing the notion ofseparatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person atthe museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish believe that this is allmade up showing Spains undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as anation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places thatdeliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007)The el born centre showcases the streetscapewithin Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscaperepresents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, thearchaeologists could have unplowed excavating and gotten to a roman street. Theystopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when itwas a vivacious multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation thatthere were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally tradingtown. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the ElBorne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum willconnect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had beencontroversial. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and hisdictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months howeverit took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. Thehostility and want to forget the dark period of Francos dictatorship isevident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is topromote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of thenation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievancesthat are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 GrievancesCatalonia has a key set of grievances towardsthe Spanish state shown in Figure 5.A few of these issues are deviation to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money thatthe state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historicalgrievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modernindustrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Cataloniaare financial parasites that dont provide enough for Spain. Catalonia todayhas a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. Thepeople of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own fundingwhen new function are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visitedregion within Spain. The media and idiot box play a large part inleft and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views thisway. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the powerto control the media modifies culture and is necessity for the homogenisationof the state. (Gellner 1983)Sport is an important cultural event for Catalanpeople. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation ofthe Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the seventeenthminute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout Independenceas this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. delivery is important when expressing cultureand the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically(Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has beensupressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognisedinternationally. 7.2.5 hatfulresults A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesisof will Catalonia resort to violence togain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1 Combined group results of qualitative survey. Theresults obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from theCatalan government in their recent poll. With the repre sentative sample sizeand closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The surveywas conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplacedetermined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linkedwith how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentagebetween the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not thathigh. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happeningin the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed.Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this mayincrease the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has hadsuch events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representationof some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediationstage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have notyet concluded what they want. Figure 6 Key moments in recen t Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled. 5.2.6 Social Vulnerability SurveyTheseresults are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7 Social vulnerability pentagon, spotlight main worries. Thecloser the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though itis. With the survey showing that people are apprehensive about the governance,environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. Theeconomy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 afterthe recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. Inregards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region.The pass months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, whichwas pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion Toconclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many gene rations. Theconflict so far within the state has rest non-violent however this figurecould change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will startechoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to acceptthe hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort toviolence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum whenother democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with themnot being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yetdisappeared. 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