Nigerian Government: From Military Rule to Democratically Elected Governance. :: Essays Papers

Nigerian Government From Military Rule to Democratically Elected Governance.Nigerias government has recently foregone under(a) a dramatic change. For my paper I decided to write on the topic of Nigerian government. When I interviewed a student, named Arit, from Nigeria, she told me how her country was formerly under host rule and had recently changed to a democratically elected government. Arit believes this is a good change for the country and it will help fix the destruction military rule left behind and pull Nigeria out of the dark.Military RuleBackground The people of Nigeria suffered under the control of military rule and are instantly experiencing the recent change to democratically elected governance. One of the greatest problems in examining the background to military rule in Nigeria is figuring out when the seeds of the takeover and the tragedy of civil war were sown (Oyediran). When military rule first started in Nigeria, it was seen as a rescue operation and w as non expected to last long. However, this was not the outcome. Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and out of the forty-three years post independence, the military ruled for twenty-nine years (Igbuzor). In January of 1966, the first military intervention occurred. grammatical constructionAfter the military gained semipolitical power the next thing they do is abolish all political parties. The reason for this action is because the military sees such organizations as instruments of disunity, agents of conflict, discord, and corruption. They also believe these organizations create the conditions that warrant the military intervening (Dudley 85). Nigerias military ruled government included(1) Increased influence by political and military leaders of minority tribes (2) replacement of political party leaders by the military as general policy makers (3) increased policy-making persona for permanent secretaries and top echelons of civil service and (4) replacement of the four powerful regions by twelve states (Imer 69).ProblemsHowever, abolishing the political parties does not destroy the political conflict. In fact, the strife is not eliminated but a vacuum is made between the leaders and the led (Dudley 86). Under military rule, the people of Nigeria were overwhelmed with corruption, fraud, embezzlement, and political instability (Johnson). These problems were reoccurring throughout the blackjack years of military rule.First ElectionsThe 1999 Constitution provided for a democratically elected government in section seven of the constitution (Igbuzor). February 28, 1999, Nigerians voted in a presidential election to put an end to military rule.

A Disappointing Golf Game :: Reflection Memoir Essays

A Disappointing Golf GameA smooth shake plunk for by power propelled my Titleist 230 yards down the fairway. An explosion of emotions ran through me as I started off the most important ravish of golf to date. The first hole of regionals change form up to be as challenging as the rest of the course would be that day.With temperatures in the lower forties, I teed off at approximately 1040 a.m. I had a thirty-foot putt to save par. I drained it, right in the center of the cup. I thought to myself, Now lets build off of that. The adjacent tee shot was down the right side of the fairway and in perfect position to the pin. I was striking the ball very well, even though my swing felt like an unfolding lawn chair. I would score to keep this up for seventeen more holes.In the back of my mind, I knew that a 77 would bum about me to state for sure. At this same course, just two weeks prior, I shot 77 with a bogey and then a double bogey to coda my last two holes. I knew that if I could just replicate that round, I would be going to state. That 77 wasnt even a very good round for me. I made a lot of errors, mental and physical, that would rich person saved me a lot of strokes. A 73 won that tournament, so without those errors, I would have been right there. All I had to do was to play well.After carding a 39 on the front nine with five three-putts, I was on leading to a 75. Things were looking up. Standing on the number ten tee was a very different experience than it was on the front nine. The cold, dark clouds locomote overhead with a light wind blowing right to left. The wind soon raised goose bumps on all of our skin. It had become quite cold, and everyone knew that this was going to turn ugly. A decent tee shot started off the second half of my round. As I was walking to my ball in the fairway, the wind picked up dramatically and sleet was stinging the back of my neck. My hands were soaked, along with the rest of my body. My clothes were drenched, making th e temperature seem much lower than it already was. I knew I would have to play through these elements well enough to post a good round.

Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay

Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The bang-up Gatsby match to Aristotle, there be a number of characteristics that identify a tragic hero he must cause his own downfall his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. These are all characteristics of Jay Gatsby, the main character of Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero agree to Aristotles definition. Jay Gatsby is an enormously rich man, and in the flashy years of the jazz age, wealth defined importance. Gatsby has endless wealth, force-out and influence still never uses material objects selfishly. Everything he owns exists only to attain his vision. Nick feels inclined to reserve all judgements (1), but despite his disapproval of Gatsbys vulgarity, Nick respects him for the potency and unselfishness of his idealism. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and ev entually winning the heart of the materialistic, superficial Daisy. She is, however, completely worthless of his worship. Then it had been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night. He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor (79). Nick realizes Gatsbys estate, parties, shirts and other seemingly purposeless possessions are not purposeless. Everything Gatsby does, every come upon he makes and every decision he conceives is for a reason. He wants to achieve his ideal, Daisy. Gatsbys purposeless splendor is all for the woman he loves and wishes to represent his ideal. Furthermore, Gatsby believes he mountain win his woman with riches, and that his woman can achieve the ideal she sta... ...w World (182). Gatsbys vision corresponds to that of the explorers who discover the promise of the New World. Gatsby is a man of extreme capabilities but he fails to see the inevitability of his visions failure, and in his inability to see this, he keeps trying to attain it. He does everything in his power to accomplish this vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsbys death, qualification her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsbys affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. The Great Gatsby The Vitality of Illusion. The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988 49-61.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.Irwin, rear end T. Compensating Visions The Great Gatsby. Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992 536-545. Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby EssayJay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great GatsbyAccording to Aristotle, there are a number of characteristics that identify a tragic hero he must cause his own downfall his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. These are all characteristics of Jay Gatsby, the main character of Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero according to Aristotles definition. Jay Gatsby is an enormously rich man, and in the flashy years of the jazz age, wealth defined importance. Gatsby has endless wealth, power and influence but never uses material objects selfishly. Everything he owns exists only to attain his vision. Nick feels inclined to reserve all judgements (1), but despite his disapproval of Gatsbys vulgarity, Nick respects him for the strength and unselfishness of his idealism. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the materialistic, superficial Daisy. She is, however, completely undeserving of his worship. Then it had been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night. He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor (79). Nick realizes Gatsb ys estate, parties, shirts and other seemingly purposeless possessions are not purposeless. Everything Gatsby does, every move he makes and every decision he conceives is for a reason. He wants to achieve his ideal, Daisy. Gatsbys purposeless splendor is all for the woman he loves and wishes to represent his ideal. Furthermore, Gatsby believes he can win his woman with riches, and that his woman can achieve the ideal she sta... ...w World (182). Gatsbys vision corresponds to that of the explorers who discover the promise of the New World. Gatsby is a man of extreme capabilities but he fails to see the inevitability of his visions failure, and in his inability to see this, he keeps trying to attain it. He does everything in his power to accomplish this vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsbys death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsbys affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Ci ted Dillon, Andrew. The Great Gatsby The Vitality of Illusion. The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988 49-61.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.Irwin, John T. Compensating Visions The Great Gatsby. Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992 536-545.

People Need Their Freedoms and Rights Essay -- politics, goverment

From 1945-1991, a Cold War raged between the wolframern world and the communists. The communist governments of the due east reigned over their territories with an iron fist. Few of the citizens enjoyed life low their governments. In Germany, East Germans found various ways to flee to West Germany and escape their oppressive leaders. done various revolts, the totalitarian USSR government eventually hemorrhaged and was forced to dissolve. Throughout history, human beings have rejected totalitarian rule. Even here in America, many youths protested their overlook of voice in the country that they were such a large part of. People need their individual rights and freedoms. This vital lesson crumb be applied to Egypt, where protests argon under way because of the overly militaristic domestic policies of President Mubarak.Reactions to the presence of the Berlin Wall demonstrate how humans need their freedoms. Prior to the installation of the wall, a citizen could only cross a street and arrive at the other Berlin. But before long, the GDR (East German Government) noticed that many of their young, skilled workers were crossing over to West Germany, seeking asylum in the FRG (West Germany) (Dowling). These refugees, 200,000 on average annually, crossed over to free themselves from the new government by which they were controlled against their wills (Dowling). One can just theorise how oppressed citizens must have been in the GDR and other communist states, by seeing the overjoyed reactions of the citizens once freedom was declared (Fall of the Berlin Wall). This is a prime slip of why citizens need to have their individual freedoms. Nobody can be happy under a leader they do not believe in, nor under oppressive rule. People need their individu... ...overning he was using, the style of repressing citizens and aggressively pushing them around, he might have been able to change before protests erupted. However, he was not the first leader to govern in this manner . Throughout history, one can find countless examples of angry citizens rebelling. It happens everywhere America, with the American Revolution against England the piteous rising up during the French Revolution even in the peaceful protests of India, for her independence from England. Revolutions happen everywhere. It takes a good leader to prevent them, so anyone can see what this implies about Hosni Mubarak.It is strange to think that after countless rebellions throughout history, from America to the USSR, totalitarian leadership is still occurring. Eventually, it must be globally adjudge that people need their individual rights.

Inflation :: essays papers

InflationHyperinflation The term hyperinflation refers to a very rapid, very large increase in the price level. Measurement problems will be too minor to notice on this scale. There is no strict formal definition for the term, but cases of hyperinflation tend to be expressed in impairment of multiples rather than percentages. For example, in Germany between January 1922 and November 1923 (less than two years) the average price level increased by a factor of about 20 billion. many representative examples of hyperinflation includeHyperinflation 1922 Germany 5,000% 1985 Bolivia *10,000% 1989 Argentina 3,100% 1990 Peru 7,500% 1993 Brazil 2,100% 1993 Ukraine 5,000% These quotations from other web pages are given mainly as examples of what people have in mind when they blether about hyperinflation, and I cannot say just how accurate the figures are. In any case, figures for the purchasing power lost in hyperinflations can only be nettlesome estima tes. Numismatics (coin and currency collecting) gives some examples of just how far hyperinflations can go an information page for currency collectorstells us that, in the Hungarian hyperinflation after origination War II, bills for one hundred million trillion pengos were issued (the pengo was the Hungarian currency unit) and bills for one billion trillion pengos were printed but never issued. (Im using American term here -- the British express big numbers differently). The story behind the German hyperinflation illustrates how all hyperinflations have come about, and is of particular interest in itself. afterward World War I, Germany had a democratic government, but little stability. A general named Kapp decided to make himself dictator, and marched his troops and militias into Berlin in an attempted coup detat cognise as the Kapp Putsch. However, the German people resisted this attempt atdictatorship with nonviolent noncooperation. The workers went out in a general strik e and the civil servants simply refused to practise the orders of Kapp and his men. Unable to take command of the country, Kapp retreated and ultimately gave up his attempt. However, the German economy, never very sound, was further disrupted by the conflict surrounding Kapps coup detat and by the strike against it and production fell and prices rose.

Strategic Analysis of Pepsi :: Business Case Studies

The growing demand for more healthy goods has natur all(prenominal)y delayed several sectors of the beverages industry. While consumers have turned to bottled water and juices rather than change drinks in the well-off drinks foodstuff, consumers concern over alcohol consumption has affected demand in the alcoholic drinks sector. This trend has affected the alcohol sector more more than the soft drinks sector with the exception of wine consumption because it is being proved by scientists that it may reduce the risk of heart disease with a moderate consumption. While there are only a couple of(prenominal) fresh markets to expand into, the market for soft drinks is globally well exploited. There are few factors that suggest trivial forecast for ontogenesis. However, demand continues to grow. Before the end of the current decade, the soft drinks market is expected to surpass the alcoholic beverages market, which constantly has shown lower growth than the beverage industry market in general. While product innovation has stimulated some growth within the industry during the 1990s by introducing new plastic bottles, innovation is slowing within the soft drinks industry recently.Since1997, in terms of market value, the global beverages market grew by 1.7% in 2002 to reach a value of $1,060 billion, and an increase of 16.6% in the global beverages market is predicted by the year 2007 to reach a value of $1,236 billion. In terms of market volume, the global beverages market grew by 3.4% in 2002 to reach a volume of 551 billion liters, and an increase of 20.5% is forecasted by 2007 to reach a volume of 664 billion liters.Even though all sectors of the beverage market are generally dominated by big companies, the soft drinks market is quite different in terms of its competitive position. The soft drinks market is dominated by two global giants Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. Even though innovation and brand extension strategies have played big role in the recent years withi n the soft drinks sector between major competitors, market leader Coca-Cola is still concentrating its efforts on the traditional carbonated drinks market with effective success. It is absolutely difficult for new start-up companies to enter the soft drinks market because it requires a huge financial resources as well as logistical infrastructure that need to rely on. The most important asset for all of the top current players continues to be the brand, and this is where Coca Cola really have the edge.

Strategic Analysis of Pepsi :: Business Case Studies

The growing demand for more healthy goods has naturally delayed several sectors of the beverages industry. turn consumers have turned to bottled water and juices rather than carbonated drinks in the subdued drinks market, consumers concern over alcohol consumption has affected demand in the souse drinks sector. This trend has affected the alcohol sector much more than the soft drinks sector with the exception of wine consumption because it is being proved by scientists that it may reduce the risk of heart disease with a moderate consumption. While there are only few new markets to expand into, the market for soft drinks is world(prenominal)ly well exploited. There are few factors that suggest trivial forecast for maturation. However, demand continues to grow. Before the end of the current decade, the soft drinks market is anticipate to surpass the alcoholic beverages market, which constantly has shown lower growth than the beverage industry market in general. While product i nnovation has stimulated some growth within the industry during the 1990s by introducing new plastic bottles, innovation is slowing within the soft drinks industry recently.Since1997, in terms of market encourage, the global beverages market grew by 1.7% in 2002 to reach a value of $1,060 billion, and an increase of 16.6% in the global beverages market is predicted by the year 2007 to reach a value of $1,236 billion. In terms of market volume, the global beverages market grew by 3.4% in 2002 to reach a volume of 551 billion liters, and an increase of 20.5% is forecasted by 2007 to reach a volume of 664 billion liters.Even though all sectors of the beverage market are generally dominated by big companies, the soft drinks market is kinda different in terms of its competitive position. The soft drinks market is dominated by two global giants Coca- pinhead and PepsiCo. Even though innovation and brand supplement strategies have played big role in the recent years within the soft drin ks sector between major competitors, market leader Coca-Cola is salvage concentrating its efforts on the traditional carbonated drinks market with respectable success. It is absolutely difficult for new start-up companies to enter the soft drinks market because it requires a huge financial resources as well as logistical infrastructure that need to rely on. The most important asset for all of the top current players continues to be the brand, and this is where Coca Cola really have the edge.

India Superpower Essay

It has been more than 60 years since India got its independence and a lot has changed. Radios produce been replaced by LCDs, tongas have been replaced by autos and busses and matkas have been replaced by refrigerators. Indian Companies have made it to the word stage. Companies like TATA own few of the most premium brands of the world such as Jaguar on one hand while the worlds cheapest car Nano on the other. Indians hold very high posts all over the world be it Obamas cabinet, United Nations or the World Bank.India has highest youth population. Our India also has one of the largest army in the world which is capable of facing any other ability in the world. There is a growth in the infrastructure too. Metro has made short distance travelling comfortable and easier. But is it really a superpower? We have second largest population in the world, precisely there are very few companies having interaction presence. There is deep-rooted corruption.Most of the politicians are mixed in sc ams like Common Wealth Games scam, 2G scam, Coal scam and even fodder scam. The people of India have got used to corruption. We also have highest youth population, but what is the use when there is no proper social infrastructure to provide them with the skills? There is no proper system to retain the cream brains in our country. The treetop brains are handpicked by western countries. Who is at a loss? Its India.We also have a huge army but due to lack of stress on research and development we are dependent on Israel, Russia and France for our weaponries. There is no proper policy framework to stop the growth of population. It is no brainer whether India is a superpower or not . If there is corruption in India, India cannot have a good future. Only a strong policy framework and eagle-eyed sited vision can make it possible and India will again be called the golden bird.

Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective

Michaela Lawes SOUTH1A 11 Jacqui Godfrey Hypnotherapy &type A Counselling Skills Module 21850 words A individualised induction give ever so be more than(prenominal) effective. Discuss. Base your answer on theoretical concepts and techniques presented in class. If it is true that we all see the same thing but reckon it as different, if we respond to stimuli in a unique way, then a personalised induction would prove more effective. Would an anxious thickening respond to a linguistically passive feeler? Would a head and logically structured induction establish their trust and make them feel at ease?The Hypnotherapist impart seek to understand their client, interpreting both verbal and non-verbal signals. They will also acquire to contend with the way our brain interprets external information. Once the individuals personality is understood, there be a number of verbal techniques that the Hypnotherapist shtup utilise in order to get the topper results from the induction p rocess. It would appear that the personalised induction is effective but this perhaps depends on whether the Hypnotherapist has ascertained the true nature of their client.One atomic number 18a where the Hypnotherapist can start to understand the event of person they ar seeking to induce would be to ascertain the dominant modality within their client. Modalities are a classification of sensational perception. These are listed as optic, auditory, kinaesthetic, olfactory and gustatory. When a person is assimilating external information they will seek to disseminate that information using a dominant modality. There are many shipway in which they will reveal this through language, speech, gestures and even eye movements.NLP gurus Bandler and Grinder aptly call this the language of our minds. A person with a dominant visual modality will tend to part phrases that are littered with visual terms such as I see or The sky looks aqua If this persons eyes are looking up the right as they are explaining something to you they are creating a visual representation in their heads. Robert Dilts in his article Eye Movements and NLP states The most common application of eye positions in NLP is to determine the representational strategies a person is using in order to think or make a decision.Since many aspects of peoples thinking processes are unconscious to them, spontaneous eye movements can be an extremely central part of eliciting and modeling a persons inner strategies for decision making, learning, motivation, memory, etc. The eyes maybe a poetical window to the soul but they are also an infallible insight into an individuals dominant modality. Using these linguistic and visual clues the Hypnotherapist can begin to plug into to their client on his or her happy level. They can set ahead the trust of the client by appealing to their dominant modality.If the client had a dominant kinaesthetic modality they would have a more tactile and emotionally attuned pers onality, they would speak in a soft lower tone of voice than the fast talking, higher toned visual personality. Would there be conflict if the hypnotherapist used a quick thinking, highly imaginative visual approach to the tactile and feeling kinaesthetic? Perhaps yes, when one is trying to approaching the brain at an unconscious level, surely it would be more productive to be in harmony with your client in order to get the best therapeutic results.Josie Hadley and Carol Staudacher agree By using similar language and reinforcing the induction with certain kinds of images, you are making sure the subject can relate to the induction and feel an affinity for it Whilst using the dominant modality to gain an affinity with the client, the best results will come from gradually introducing language into an induction that will appeal to all of the senses. This technique is called compounding, and is a crucial tool in engendering a deep bewitchment.The client is organism invited to experien ce a linked drawing string of events during their induction that will encourage them to lose themselves in the scenarios being suggested by appealing to all of the senses. So whilst the client may, through their language, both verbal and non verbal, have the olfactory as their main modality, if they are subjected via the induction to visualize or imagine a taste then this will engage all of their senses for a more effective induction.This supposes that hypnotherapist has initially ascertained the dominant modality in order to gain the trust of their client and then proceeded to introduce a multi sensory screed that opposes the idea of a fully personalised induction. It is recognized that there are two types of hypnotic induction, namely, permissive and authoritarian. It is said that traditional hypnosis is generally authoritarian. The induction is cryptic and uses direct language and less creative imagery. This is a favourite style of the stage hypnotist as it lends itself favoura bly to the quick and direct nature of induction.A advocate of this technique was Dave Elman, whose authoritarian technique was used by doctors and dentists to calm their patients. It was quick and to the point. When thinking of the authoritarian style as a use for todays hypnotic induction, it would be suited to use with a nervous or anxious person. Perhaps the controlled style reassures the nervous client that the therapist is in control, they sack out what they are doing and therefore it will follow that they will be more inclined to follow the traces made by the therapist.Instead of you may start to feel your eyelids are becoming heavy the authoritarian approach will read as your eyelids are heavy The logical and concise nature of the language used in this type of induction is also a useful when presented with a skeptic of the science behind hypnosis, the style does away with too vivid imagery and curtails the use of metaphor, allowing a sense of logicality to the unconvinced. This direct style also lends itself well to addiction therapy as ascertaining their modality can be difficult delinquent to the personality and cerebral damage created by the addiction, for example, alcohol abuse. The repetitive and authoritarian style of induction Karle and Boys suggest the mere act or suggestion of an strain to give up, say, smoking will work whether personalised or not as they will respond well to any form of treatment, because any ritual will perform the functions they seek Again it would seem that a personalised induction is not so important in this type of case.The permissive approach is much more widely used in therapeutic hypnotherapy as it can play with linguistic metaphor and imagery based on the clients personality and dominant modality thus creating a much more personalised hypnotic experience. Michael Caroll in his essay The Structure of Permissive Hypnotherapy states sonority is an important aspect of permissive hypnotherapy because the hypnotherap ist is going to lead the client to trance rather than just direct the clients experience.To lead the client to trance the hypnotherapist mirrors the clients imaginative preferences through verbal communication allowing the hypnotherapist access to the physiology and state associated with trance, so when the client unconsciously follows the hypnotherapists lead he/she will be accessing a trance like state The leading hypnotherapist in this type of therapy was Milton H Erickson, he could be said to be the inventor of the personalised hypnotic experience. ringing building underpins this type of approach and this is what Erickson sought to gain in his sessions.The permissive style will use an indirect approach in order to gain the trust of their clients without appearing too authoritarian. Hypnotic suggestion is wrapped up in metaphor and creative language coupled with varying vocal tonality. It was Ericksons theory that people must participate in their therapy. The true meaning of a p ersonalised induction His screed would incorporate linguistic techniques in order to gain a rapport. There are several examples of this. Using the clients dominant modality (which are discussed earlier in this essay).Convincers which are used in such a way as to make the client think they are in control of their induction when in fact they are being indirectly guided into a trance. A convincer may read as this I can see that your eyes are beginning to close and you are relaxed. Anchoring a key-word that will bring a repeated response, for example, the client could be asked to feel the summer sun on their skin throughout the induction so as to induce feelings of warmth and contentment. This could change according to the dominant modality of the client, whether visual, kinaesthetic, olfactory and so on. Presuppositons and double binds are a clever way of allowing the client to feel in control of their destiny through contradictory linguistic signals. A client seeking to give up a bad employment may be told you may wish to give up x tomorrow, next week or next month when this happens is entirely up to you. This type of therapy works well as it allows the client to participate in their own induction. It allows for the uniqueness of the individual as to how they are induced which would surely be more effective.It would be too simplistic to argue that a personalised approach would be wholly effective as compared to a generic induction, but, in the main, it can offer a wide ranging approach for the therapist. In general, we use only a very small amount of verbal communication, much is achieved through soundbox language and non verbal signals. In hypnotherapy the hypnotist does not have these non verbal tools to hand in an induction and therefore has to rely on linguistic techniques such as modality, metpahor or tone of voice in order to get the most effective results for their client.The different techniques found within the personalised approach, such as the use o f modalities and indirect/direct language allows the client a proactive approach to his or her own induction. Michael Heap writes Regarding the legitimate therapeutic uses of hypnotherapy it is importantthat the therapists actions and communications be in keeping with context and should contribute to the creation of the appropriate expectations, thus maximizing the patients receptivity to suggestion.For example the therapist would have to take in acceptation the mannerisms of the client, even they way they are dressed and what they do for work and pleasure. They also have to consider that the client may not be behaving as they normally would due to nerves or the differences between their public and private persona. They may be performing or behaving differently than is normal. However the hypnotherapist will surely learn to gauge their approach as they gain more experience.There is a place for the generic and direct approach as discussed in the essay, but the effectiveness of getti ng the client themselves to participate in their own induction is surely a more enkindle and varied approach which lends itself to a more effective induction. References Hadley & Staudbacher Hypnosis for Change -1996, New Harbinger Publications, USA Heap & Dryden Hypnotherapy A Handbook 1991, Oxford University Press, UK Karle & Boys Hypnotherapy A Practical Handbook 1987 Free Association Books, UK

Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea: A better version of The Little Mermaid Essay

Ponyo on the bead by the sea, written, directed and animated by Hayao Miyazaki, in the year 2009 was an animated photograph aimed at young audiences and their pargonnts. He took Hans Christian Andersens short apologue The Little Mermaid as a blueprint for portraying this poetic, fantastic work using endearing pictures with interesting and impressive storyline to attract audiences.I would personally consider the motion picture Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as an improved reading material of Andersens The Little Mermaid because Miyazaki had introduced a lot of new elements to make the story look more realistic and interesting by considering the current preferences of childrens. In this movie, Miyazaki has non further described the love betwixt people and people, but he has also highlighted the kindred between creatures and people using a simple story line.Generally, I would perceive Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as a great animated movie because it contains various outstandin g features such as simple but attractive story, visually appealing animated pictures which are far punter compared to other animated movies released recently and the music in the movie is quite pleasant touching peoples soul. In the following come apart of the essay, I am going to describe how Miyazaki success plenteousy captivated the audiences likenesses through his new movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea.There is a huge difference between the Hans Christian Andersens story The Little Mermaid and the Miyazakis movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea. In the Andersens The Little Mermaid, in that respect were so many children who got upset on her demise and her infatuation towards the prince. man suffering with great pain, she drank the potion and the Little Mermaid lost her tongue in exchange for her tongue, which was considered as the most beautiful part of the story, but still her sacrifice could not get the princes love.At last, her body turned into foam and it never existed aga in. According to Robinson, the storys agony and tragedy actually loses the peoples nitty-gritty (Robinson). Such a pathetic story used to break the childrens dreams. However, I would consider Hayao Miyazakis movie Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea as an ameliorated story of The Little Mermaid because he slightly modified the ending of the story and introduced a lot of exciting elements to make the story more about related with childrens preferences.Miyazaki has drawn several cute scenes about the main character girl Ponyo, such as eating noodles with her lover Sosuke and playing some with her pinky sisters. These scenes attracted the current generation of young audiences and made them fall in love into this adorable character and hence got them emotionally attached towards the movie. In extension to that, the climax of the movie was slightly changed that the Ponyo gets transfigureed into a little girl from a fish, so that she can be with Sosuke forever and it can be considered as o ne of the major difference when compared to the climax of The Little Mermaids.Therefore, I would personally consider the happy ending, the way of presentation and depicting characters as major elements fashioning Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea split up than The Little Mermaid. People regard Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, not only as a better version of The Little Mermaid, but also consider it as a great animation movie due to its simple and attractive storyline. Although there are people who criticize that the story sounds weird, and like many of Miyazakis previous films, Ponyo is also written from a childs perspective and with a childs sense of logic (Rodriguez).Miyazaki has raised the complexity of the movies theme to a higher level, enabling both children and adults to think and enjoy. The audiences are provided with three ways to observe the main theme of the story, which is the love between people, families, and creatures. scratch the audiences could feel the love and the rel ation channelise between Ponyo and her father Fujimoto. In the story, their relationship is not so well due to the interest schedule of Fujimoto, which reduced the time spent by him to understand his daughters and vice-versa.As her mother was also busy and hardly available at home, Ponyo had very less time for interacting with her parents. in time though Fujimoto tried his best to take care of Ponyo, such as providing well-defined food and taking them out for sightseeing at the sea, she didnt care much about her fathers feelings. The only thing that she wanted to do was to get away from her father. What Ponyo did was immature and completely understandable, because she was just a 5 year-old girl at that time.But I believe that Miyazaki wanted to stress the recurrence that there does exist children who are bound do the same thing with their parents as well, and he wanted the young audiences to understand that whatever their parents are doing is only for the love they have towards their children. Secondly, the audiences may notice how Sosuke loved his mother. Although his father used to leave him and his mother at home while going for fishing, he agnize how to take good care of his mother and carry the responsibilities of the family as a whole.I do remember a scene, when Sosukes father called to apologize for not coming back for dinner which left Sosukes mother crying about that. At that time, Sosukes passes her a napkin, consoling her not to get pathetic about that. Sosuke doesnt know the reason for her mother being upset, but his actions represent the second type of love, which indicates how the younger generation shows their love towards their parents.Finally Miyazaki wanted to express the pure love between the main characters, Ponyo and Sosuke to the audiences as the third kind of love. One of the scenes comprised of a test that Nereus had given to Sosuke. Without anybodys help, any ship to drive, and any lights to walk in the tunnel, Sosuke builds his courage to take care of Ponyo, the one whom he loves a lot and he overcomes all the hurdles that come in his way. These scenes inspired me to think about the children of this era.It is common that children would cry and call for their parents when they encounter difficult situations however, despite the worry about his mothers disappearance at that moment, Sosuke tactfully handled all these challenges physically and mentally encouraging Ponyo too to be strong. Therefore, I personally think that the act of the 5 year-old boy, Sosuke should be highly comprehended because it is really not an easy task for a normal child to either handle or accomplish it. The only reason why Sosuke could do it is all because of the love he had towards Ponyo, which gave him the power to raise his courage to get through all the challenges.The factors that decide whether an animated movie was successful or not doesnt purely depend on the storyline or content that the director wants to emphasize, but it a lso depends on the way the movie was filmed that embellishes the movie with eye-catchy and enthralling features. When compared with the Disney film The Little Mermaid, Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea didnt involve any Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) work, which meant that the whole film was drawn by animators, and this further heightens the films natural characteristics.In Miyazakis fertile imagination, the ordinary and magical worlds blend into each other both are full of marvels (Young). Young adds that Miyazakis movie provided softer and more realistic pictures to the audiences as all the things were hand-made. For example, I would personally consider the sea to be the most imaginative part of the movie. Miyazaki used his abundant imaginations in transforming the sea into a living character that can represent the mind of Ponyos father Fujimoto.One of the scenes is that, Fujimoto uses his magic to transform the sea into a living creature to chase Ponyo, but the sea couldnt catch he r and it fiercely outbursted onto the land. In addition to the much hyped imaginative scenes, Miyazaki had asked Joe Hisaishi to amass the background music for the movie. The movie became additionally attractive, as Hisaishi had used children to sing all the songs. Hence, these superfluousties made Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea so special that it induced people to come and enjoy.In summary, Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea possesses nice elements for being considered as a great animated movie. First of all, being structured similar to the traditional tale The Little Mermaid, Miyazakis movie is more appreciated by the audiences of this era as it had a better climax than the story and the more updated elements are provided to meet the expectations and interests of children. Secondly, the complexity of the movie initiates audiences to deeply think about how people should interpret love and relationship between people, families, or even lovers.Thirdly, with the inclusion of more animated pictures and intoxicated music, audiences felt emotionally attached to the movie, trying to feel the happiness and sadness of the characters in the movie. Even though there are people criticizing the movie, but I believe that it has already qualified as a good animation movie because Miyazaki has knowing it to become approachable by both adults and children. I personally feel that people can get inspired by the love of the story, trying to exert it in the real world, and very soon the society will become more harmonious.People would become friendlier to each other, making the world a better place to live on. Works Cited Robinson, Tasha. Ponyo. 13 Aug. 2009. The Onion Inc. A. V. Club. 2 May 2010 . Rodriguez, Rene. Review Ponyo. 14 Aug 2009. The Miami Herald. Miami Herald Media Co. 02 May 2010 . Young, Deborah. Film Review Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea. 30 Aug. 2008. The Hollywood Reporter. 2 May 2010. .

Impact of the Construction Industry to Its Nation

Abstract Construction field and saying activities are considered to be one of the major sources of frugal growth, training and stinting activities. Construction and engineering service sedulousness play an important affair in the economic uplift and development of the country. It can be regarded as a mechanism of generating the appointment and fling job opport social unities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled work force. It as fountainhead as plays key role in generating income in both formal and informal sector.It supplements the foreign exchange earnings derived from sire out in body structure significant and engineering services. Unfortunately bend sector is one of the most neglected sectors in Kenya. Although the construction sector has only a 2. 3 percent share in GDP, its share of the employed labor force was disproportionately large at 6. 1 percent in FY07. The construction sector is estimated to have grown by 17. 2 percent in 2006-07 as against 5. 7 percent of last year.The higher demand for construction workers is also reflected in a continued double-digit rise in their wages since FY05. Their wages increased by 11. 1 percent in FY07. Keywords Construction Sector, GDP, Causal Relationship, Co-integration. 1. mental home The construction effort plays an essential role in the socio economic development of a country. The activities of the industry have great significance to the graspment of study socio-economic development goals of providing infrastructure, sanctuary and employment.It includes hospitals, schools, townships, offices, ho intentions and other buildings urban infrastructure (including water supply, sewerage, 280 drainage) highways, roads, ports, railways, airports power systems irrigation and agriculture systems telecommunications etc. It deals with all economic activities directed to the creation, renovation, repair or extension of located assets in the form of buildings, land improvements of an engineering nature. Besides, the construction industry generates substantial employment and exits a growth impetus to other sectors through reluctant nd forward linkages. It is, essential thitherfore, that, this vital natural action is nurtured for the healthy growth of the economy. The main purpose of this study is to see whether growth in construction industry real caused the economic increase or, alternatively, did economic expansion sinewyly contri alonee to construction growth instead? 1. 1 Global Distribution of Construction Output and role Globally, construction industry is regarded as one of the largest fragmented industry. An estimate of annual global construction output is probably closer to U.S $ 4. 5 trillion in 20041. The construction industry is also a prime source of employment generation offering job opportunities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled work force. Global picture of construction output and employment in developing and developed countries can be seen in table -1 below. It can be seen from the table-1 that total construction output global was estimated at just over $3,000 billion in 1998. Output is heavily concentrated (77 per cent) in the high income countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia).The part of low and shopping centre income countries was only 23 % of total world construction output (ILO Geneva2001). The data in employment situation table 2 tells a rather variant story so far as employment is concerned. It can be seen that there was an excess of 111 million construction workers worldwide in 1998 and most of them were in the low- and middle-income countries. The distribution of construction employment is, in fact, almost the exact reverse of the distribution of output. The high-income countries produce 77 per cent of global construction output with 26 per cent of total employment.The rest of the world (comprising low- and middle-income countries) produces only 23 per cent of output but has 74 per cent of employment (ILO Geneva2001). 1 Source applied science News Record, USA 281 1. 2 Construction Industry in Kenya The housing and construction sector in Kenya plays an important role in developing hoard economy and reducing unemployment. It provides substantial employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkage in the economy.The sector through linkages affects about 40 building material industries, support investment and growth climate and helps reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor household. It provides jobs to about 5. 5 per cent of the total employed labor force or to 2. 43 million persons, (2. 41 million male and 0. 2 million female) during 2003- 04 (Economic Survey 2004-05) Unfortunately the construction sector is one of the most neglected sectors in Kenya. It is at low ebb, which can be judged from the fact that per capita exp eradicateing of cement in Keny a is one of the lowest among the developing countries. 2.Literature Review Construction in any country is a complex sector of the economy, which involves a kind range of s restorationholders and has wide ranging linkages with other areas of activity such as manufacturing and the use of materials, energy, finance, labor and equipment. The contribution of construction industry in the aggregate economy of a country has been addressed by a number of researchers and valuable literature available on the linkage among construction sector and other sectors of the economy. some(prenominal) researchers conclude that the construction sector has strong linkages with other sectors of the national economy.Hirschman (1958) first defined the concept of linkage in his work The Strategy of Economic Development. He emphasized the significance of unbalanced growth among supporting sectors of the economy as opposed to a balanced development of all interrelated economic activities (Lean, 2001). green (1989) has confirmed that the construction industry generates one of the highest multiplier effects through its extensive backward and forward linkages with other sectors of the economy. It is stated that the importance of the construction industry stems from its strong linkages with other sectors of the economy ( orbit Bank, 1984).However, interdependence between the construction sector and other economic sectors is not static (Bon, 1988 Bon, 1992). Strout (1958) provided a comparative inter-sectoral analysis of employment effects with an emphasis on the construction. Ball (1965) and Ball (1981) addressed the employment effects of the construction sector as a whole. Many studies (Fox, 1976 Bon and Pietroforte, 1993 Pietroforte and Bon, 1995) use the strong direct and total linkage indicator to explain the leading role of the construction sector in the national economy. . 1 Construction Industry and study Economy Construction activities and its output is an integral part of a count rys national economy and industrial development. The construction industry is often seen as a driver of economic growth especially in developing countries. The industry can mobilize and effectively utilize local human and material resources in the development and maintenance of housing and infrastructure to promote local employment and improve economic efficiency.Field and Ofori (1988) stated that the construction makes a noticeable contribution to the economic output of a country it generates employment and incomes for the people and therefore the effects of changes in the construction industry on the economy occur at all levels and in virtually all aspects of life. This implies that construction has a strong linkage with many economic activities, and whatever happens to the industry impart directly and indirectly influence other industries and ultimately, the wealth of a country.Hence, the construction industry is regarded as an essential and highly visible contributor to the pro cess of growth (Field and Ofori, 1988). The significant role of the construction industry in the national economy has been highlighted by Turin (1969). On the basis of cross section of data from a large number of countries at various levels of development, Turin (1969) argued that there is a positive kind between construction output and economic growth. Furthermore, as economies grow construction output grows at a faster rate, assuming a higher proportion of GDP.In a recent article Drewer returns to the construction and development debate. Using data for 1990 similar to that assembled by Turin for 1970, he shows that global construction output has become increasingly concentrated in the developed market economies. He goes on to argue that this new evidence does not support Turins propositions. The issue of concern here is whether the construction sector and the aggregate economy are fragmented or mutually dependent, and whether construction activity contributes to economic growth a nd /or vice versa.Studies have shown that the interdependence between the construction sector and other economic sectors is not static but changes as the nations economy grows and develops 2. 2 Tools for Measuring Strength of Linkage Two analytical tools, which most widely used for measuring the strength of the linkage, sector vise economic performance and production interdependence and to analyze economic relationships, are (i) Leontiefs (1936) Inputoutput analysis and ii) The new econometric methodology developed by Engle and Granger Bon (1988) is one of the few researchers who applied the concept of Leontief remark-output matrix to the construction industry. He considered the inputoutput technique to be ideal, for it provides a framework with which to study both direct and indirect resource utilization in the construction sector and industrial interdependence. He also found that the inputoutput tool can be used for studies of the construction sector in three broad aspects emplo yment creation potential, role in the economy, and identification of major suppliers to the construction industry.Rameezdeen et al, (2006), also used input283 output table to analyze the significance of construction in a developing economy and its relationships with other sectors of the national economy. With the popularity of the new econometric methodology presented by Engle and Granger, many modeling studies related to economic and financial issues have applied this new technique to analyze economic relationships. Green (1997) applied the Granger causality test to determine the relationship between GDP and residential and non-residential investment, using quarterly national income and gross interior(prenominal) product data for the period 19591992.His results showed that residential investment causes, but is not caused by GDP, while non-residential investment does not cause, but is caused by GDP. He conclude that housing leads and other types of investment lag the business cyc le (Lean, 2001). Tse and Ganesan (1997) is also used the same econometric technique (Granger causality test) to determine the causal relationship between construction comes and GDP using quarterly Hong Kong data from 1983 to 1989. They found that the GDP leads the construction flow and not vice versa. 2. Research Objective The objective of the present paper is to examine the specific lead lag relationships between construction flow and gross domestic product (GDP). For obtaining this goal we will use annual data for construction sector and economic GDP of Kenya from 1950 to 2005. Granger causality methodology is commonly applied to investigations on the relationships among money supply, stock prices and inflation, but very few researchers tested the linkages between the construction sector and the aggregate economy using this method.Here we will use the same approach to identify whether there is a unidirectional or bidirectional causal relation between construction sector and econ omic growth in the case of Kenya. In addition, we will use unit root tests to examine the stationarity of both serial (construction sector and GDP) and co integration test will use to find out the human race of long run relationship between these variables. It is a powerful concept, because it allows us to describe the existence of an equilibrium or stationary relationship among two or more time series, each of which is individually non- stationary. . Methodology A simple statistical and econometric analysis will be used to hunch over the common properties of data and to see the relationship among variables of interest like construction sector (LCNS) and aggregate economy of Kenya (LGDP). This study uses time series annual data (1950 to 2005) to license the causal relationship between construction sector and GDP in Kenya. A time series is a sequence of rates or readings tenacious by a time parameter, such as hourly and yearly readings.When time series data is used for analysi s in econometrics, several statistical techniques and steps must be undertaken. First of all unit root test has been applied to each series individually in assemble to provide information about the data being stationary. Non-stationary data contains unit roots. The existences of unit roots make hypothesis test results unreliable. If the data are non-stationary, then oftentimes stationarity can be achieved by first differencing (Granger and Newbold, 1986) that is, obtaining the differences between the current value and that of the previous period.Once stationarity is determined, structural modeling of the variables or testing for causality can take place. The causality test aims to verify whether historical variations of the construction data follow or precede the GDP. To test for the 284 existence of unit roots and to determine the peak of differences in order to obtain the stationary series of LGDP and LCNS, Augmented Dickey- Fuller Test (ADF) has been applied. If the time serie s data of each variable is found to be non-stationary at level, then there may exists a long run relationship between these variables, LGDP and LCNS.Johansens (1988) co-integration test has been used in order to know the existence of long run relationship between these variables. A series is said to be integrated if it accumulates some past effects, such a series is non-stationary because its future path depends upon all such past influences, and is not tied to some mean to which it must eventually return. To transform a co-integrated series to achieve stationarity, we must differentiate it at least once. The number of times the data have to be differenced to become stationary is the order of integration.If a series is differenced d times to become stationary, it is said to be integrated of order I(d). However, a linear combination of series may have a lower order of integration than any one of them has individually. In this case, the variables are said to be co-integrated. The foll owing section presents the results of the simple descriptive statistical analysis and then unit root analysis to study the stationarity of GDP and construction flow. Accordingly, we employ Granger causality methodology to investigate the lead lag relationships between the construction flow and the GDP. . 1 Data and Descriptive Statistical Analysis The annual data for the period 1950 to 2005 is being used for empirical analysis. Construction industry flows (LCNS) and Gross national Product (LGDP) data in local currency is employed to analyze the dynamic relationship between GDP and construction sector. All the variables are evince in natural logarithms so that they may be considered elasticity of the relevant variables. We examine the contemporaneous correlation and check for the evidence of Granger causality between these two variables.Table-3 presents summery statistic of the data and table- 4 tell us that there is a strong correlation between construction sector and GDP of Kenya during 1950 to 2005. yearly observations of GDP and construction sector are taken from Handbook of Statistics of Kenya Economy, 2005 and various issues of Economic Survey of Kenya. Table 3 Descriptive statistics LCNS LGDP Mean 8. 605299 11. 98993 Median 8. 996238 11. 90110 supreme 11. 87699 15. 62865 Minimum 4. 976734 9. 126524 Std. Dev. 2. 184803 2. 082374 Skewness -0. 140903 0. 195506 Kurtosis 1. 651252 1. 664931Jarque-Bera 4. 429918 4. 515697 Probability 0. 109158 0. 104575 Observations 56 Apparently as the government is geared to enhance rural development in its development agenda, the construction industry faces the daunting task to be part of the development philosophy. The construction industry has to ensure that it has the capacity to deliver development projects as per the needs of the government and in the time scale specified. Many a development projects are in the pipeline, most notable, road projects, schools, police and teachers houses, boreholes, among many others.T he construction industry would add value to the countrys development agenda through successfully undertaking the said projects. Certainly, the construction industry loses credibility, trust and reputation in the eyes of the publics if projects it undertakes do not live to the expectations of the people. The governments rural development project could further spur the growth of indigenous construction companies which will in the end trickle-down economic benefits to the country and the citizens.The mushrooming of indigenous construction firms with capacity to handle large scale jobs will save the country from losing forex as most projects will be handled locally, hence requiring no need for forex to pay international construction firm. This could certainly write a new chapter in the history of the construction industry in the country. As the small construction firms will be developing they will certainly be competing for construction jobs in other countries within Africa and possibly beyond. This could make the construction industry a reliable partner in bringing into the country the required forex.The exposure of the construction industry abroad could as well play the ambassadorial role of marketing services that Malawi can offer in Africa and beyond. If one sector successfully storms the international market, other sectors stand an well-fixed chance as they actually ride on the success of the pioneer service provider. References Anaman K. A and Amponsah. C, (2007). Analysis of the causality links between the growth of the construction industry and the growth of the macro economy in Ghana, Institute of Economic Affairs, Accra, Ghana Ball, C. M. 1965) Employment effects of construction expenditures, Monthly labour Review, 88, 154- 158. Ball, R. (1981) Employment created by construction, expenditures, Monthly labour Review, 104, 38-44. Bon, R. (1988). Direct and indirect resource utilization by the construction sector the case of the USA since World War II, Hab itat International, 12(1), 4974. Bon, R. (1992). The future of international construction secular patterns of growth and decline. Habitat International, 16(3), 11928 Census and Statistics Department of HKSAR (19852002) Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Census and Statistics Department of HKSAR, Hong Kong.Bon, R. and Pietroforte, R. (1990) Historical coincidence of construction sectors in the United States, Japan, Italy, and Finland using input-output tables, Construction Management and Economics, 8, 233- 247. Bon, R. and Pietroforte, R. (1993) New construction versus maintenance and repair construction technology in the USA since World War I. , Construction Management and Economics, 11, 15162. Bon, R. , Birgonul, T. and Ozdogan, I. (1999) An input output analysis of the Turkish construction sector, 1973 1990 a note. Construction Management and Economics, 17, 54351.Chen, J. J. (1998) The characteristics and current status of Chinas construction industry, Construction Managemen t and Economics, 16, 711-719. Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979) Distributions of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427- -31 Drewer, S (1997) Construction and development Further reflections on the work of Duccio Turin. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Construction Industry Development, Singapore 9- 11 December. Engle, R. F. and Issler, V. 1993) Estimating Sectoral Cycles Using Co integration and Common Features, operative Paper No. 4529, National Bureau of Economic Research. Field, B. and Ofori, G. (1988) Construction and economic development a case study. Third World Planning Review, 10(1), 4150. Fox, L. P. (1976) expression construction as an engine of growth an evaluation of the Columbian development plan. Ph. D. dissertation, The University of North Carolina. Granger, C. W. J. and Newbold, P. (1986) Forecasting Economic Time Series, Academic Press, Orlando, FL. Granger, C. W. J. and Newbold, P. (1974) Spurious regressions in econometrics.Journal of Econometrics, 2, 11120. Green, R. K. (1997) take the leader how changes in residential and non-residential investment predict changes in GDP. Real Estate Economics, 25(2), 25370. Harris, R. (1995) Using Cointegration Analysis in Econometric Modeling, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hassan. S. A. (2002) Construction Industry. (Kenya) published by Economic Review 2002. Hillebrandt, P. (1985) Analysis of the British Construction Industry, Macmillan, London. Hirschman, A. O. (1958) The Strategy of Economic Development, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.Hua. B. G. (1995). Residential construction demand forecasting using economic indicators a comparative study of artificial neural networks and multiple regression School of Building and Estate Management, National University of Singapore ILO Geneva (2001), The construction industry in the twenty first century Its image, employment prospects and skill requirements, International Labor Office Geneva Lean, S. C. (2001), Empirical tests to discern linkages between construction and other economic sectors in Singapore, Construction Management and Economics, 13, 253-262 290

“Penelope” by Dorothy Parker Essay

After embarking on the literary expedition that is The Odyssey, I decided to tackle this rime by Dorothy Parker. Although short-change in length, the poem was deceptively challenging due to the unraveling of symbolism within the words. Embedded within the short sentences were insightful references to seemingly ordinary objects, such as the sea, the cheerfulness, and even the breeze. These descriptions excessively added to the simple beauty of the poem. I also had a chance to see from Penelopes point of view and what she thought virtually Odysseus and his travels, something that does not commonly occur in The Odyssey.The poem was filled with references to a journey even from the first few lines. There were many words that forthwith made me think about a voyage one may take. For example, pathway of the sun (line 1) and footsteps of the breeze (line 2) made me think as though the sun and breeze were guides for an adventure, leading the way and showing where to go. Odysseus travel ed where the world and sky were one (line 3). This shows unity between the Greek gods in the heavens and the god of water, Poseidon. The seas were also shown as glittering (line 5) and silver (line 4) displaying the beauty of the sea. I liked how Parker connected the Earths natural beauty to the treacherous yet exciting journey taken by Odysseus. It added another level to his trek that related him to the world he was exploring.The next section showed Penelopes ability to wait patiently for her true love her husband Odysseus. Penelope is portrayed as a calm yet cunning woman within a few lines. She waits at home, and rocks (line 6) in her rocking chair, thus showing her patience. However, Penelope is also very wily as she uses her loom trick to deceive the suitors with an ambition of taking her hand in marriage. She says she will snip her thread (line 8), connecting to the loom trick.She is also shown as being more independent as she plans to bleach the linen for her bed (line 9), a occupation usually done by maids. The last line ends the poem very strongly. Penelope sounds a bit jealous as she states, They will call him undismayed(line 10). Is she jealous that she has had to do a lot of hard work while he has been gone, yet she receives no praise for it? I believe Parker put this in to show how Penelope just wants to be noticed and applauded for her handiwork. These actions shown by Penelope were extremely detailed and I loved being able to read the poem and visualize every part in my head.

The Structure of Education from Early Years to Post-Compulsory Education

The structure of grooming from untimely eld to post-compulsory education Entitlement & provision for early years education. As part of the every child matters agenda and the Childc ar Act 2006 every child vul understructureised 3 & 4 is entitled to beat part time early years education of up to 12. 5 hours per week for 38 weeks of the year to ensure that they receive up to 2 years free education before reaching schooling age. The characteristics of schools & school governance.All schools are seeking to enforce expectations in terms of meeting the national curriculum. down the stairs the National Curriculum there are four Key ar prunes to education Foundation4 year olds Key stage 15 to 7 year olds Key Stage 27 to 11 year olds Key Stage 311 to 14 year olds Key Stage 414 to 16 year olds Mainstream State give lessonss All children in England aged 5 to 16 are entitled to free education at a state school, most go to state schools. Nursery school 3 to 4 year olds Reception 4 year ol ds Primary 5 to 11 year olds (Key Stage 1 & 2)Secondary 11 to 16 (Key Stage 3 & 4) There are 4 main types of state school Community schools, Foundation & Trust schools, Voluntary aided schools, Voluntary Controlled schools. Community schools These are run & owned by the local anesthetic authority & cover all 4 Key Stages. Foundation & Trust schools Foundation schools are run by a governing body which employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. Land and buildings are owned either by the governing body or by a charitable foundation.Trust schools are similar, but are run together with an outside body usually a business or charity which has organize an educational trust. Voluntary aided schools Voluntary-aided schools are religious or faith schools. Just like foundation schools, the governing body employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria. School buildings and land are usually owned by a charity, often a church. Voluntary Controlled schools Voluntary-controlled schools are a cross between biotic community and voluntary-aided schools.The local authority employs the staff and sets the entrance criteria, like a community school, but the school land and buildings are owned by a charity, often a church, which also appoints some members of the governing body. Specialist schools State secondaries often specialise, which means they have an extra emphasis in one or two subjects. Schools can specialise in the arts, maths and computing, business and enterprise, music, engineering, science, humanities, sports, languages, and technology.Special schools Special schools are for the education of students with special needs that addresses the students individual differences and needs. This could involve the individually planned and strategyatically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, accessible settings designed to help learners with special needs achieve a higher level of success in school and community than would be available if the student were only granted access to a typical classroom education.State schools with particular characteristics There are a spell of schools within the state schools system with particular characteristics, some may have different admission criteria or funding arrangements but as with another(prenominal) state schools admissions are coordinated by the local authority. Academies Academies are freelancely managed schools set up by sponsors from business, faith or voluntary groups in confederation with the local authority and the organisation Department for Children, Schools and Families.City Technology Colleges These are urban-based, independently managed secondary schools geared towards science, technology and the world of work. They offer a range of vocational qualifications as well as GCSEs and A levels. Community and foundation special schools Pupils at a special school have usually been assessed and given a statement of special educational needs (SEN). These may include learning disabilities or physical disabilities. Some special schools are funded by the local education authority.These could be community, voluntary-aided or controlled, or foundation special schools. Some special schools are independent. Faith schools Faith schools are mostly run in the same way as other state schools. However, their faith status may be reflected in their religious education curriculum, admissions criteria staffing policies. Grammar schools Grammar schools select all or most of their pupils based on academic ability. Maintained boarding schools Maintained boarding schools offer free tuition, but charge fees for board lodging. Independent schoolsAn independent school (also referred to as a private school, or in England as a public school) is a school that is not financed through the taxation system by local or national government and is instead funded by private sources, predominantly in the form of tuition charges, gifts and long-term charitable endo wments, and so is not subject to the conditions imposed by accepting state financing. Free schools Free Schools are normally brand-new schools set up by teachers, charities, community or faith groups, universities and groups of parents where there is parental demand.They will be set up as Academies and will be funded in the same way, directly from commutation government. They also share with Academies a greater control over their finances, the curriculum, and teachers pay and conditions. Post 16 options for young people & adults. There are more opportunities like a shot than ever before when it comes to post 16 education, previously pupils aged 16 or over either left school and started employment or stayed on to continue their studies.There has been an increase in government funding of education for 14-19 year olds and in particular a focus on reducing the number of young people not in education, employment or schooling (NEET) post 16. Just under an estimated one million 16 to 24- year-olds (979,000 in total) are considered NEET, according to official figures published in August, of these, around 186,000 are aged 16-18. If you are aged 16 or 17 and coming towards the end of a school or college course, the September Guarantee means that youll definitely be able to continue learning.The September Guarantee Under the last Labour government the guarantee was as follows * Full or part-time education in school, sixth form college, independent learning provider or further education (FE) college * An Apprenticeship or programme-led Apprenticeship, which must include both the training element and a job or work placement * Entry to Employment (E2E) * Employment with training to NVQ level 2 By 2013 all pupils will be required to continue in education or training to at least 17 years of age although under new governments this could change.

The Boy Who Saves Baseball

Although this small town Is spotd by many, Tol rural area has really g atomic number 53 down and a lot f the towns leaders want to distribute dilation land to developers who say they will turn the run down community into new homes, stores, and bouffantger and let on things. Although most of the land has already been sold, Doc selection, a huge base formal fan, hasnt agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the baseball park sits. After being cornered by the mayor who begs him to sell the plaza and the historical group who begs him to not sell the land, Doc decides that he will keep the content If the Wildcats drive out beat their rival team.If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to micturate new buildings. The Wildcats are scared of losing the challenge. The main reason they are worried is that they cannot hit or catch and the game is only five days away. Dante Del Goat, a former player of the San Diego Padres, decides to coach the team. At the first practice a 12 year old kid named Cruz De la Cruz walks up. No one knows him, but Cruz quickly makes friends with the team.He can hit every ball that comes his ay and can catch every ball that Is hit or thrown to him. More Importantly, he helps build the teams confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. After a week of fleshy and unusual training, the team is feeling good about the big game, but Cruz De la Cruz disappears. The team quickly realizes that it is up to them to win the game. Worst yet, with Cruz gone, Tom has to play. He is the scourge player and as if things couldnt get worse, he has to pitch because Maria, the main pitcher has been Injured.After a long and hard game, the Wildcats manage to win, but their excitement was overcome by grief when they found out that Doc Alternative has had a heart attack and died. The team, especially Tom thinks that the field will surely not be saved no matter what. In the end, Tom find s out that Doc wanted him to inherit his farming when he died. The baseball field is safe now because of the win and the generosity of Doc Alternative. The Boy Who Saves baseball By Sharron The Boy Who Saved Baseball begins by introducing its readers to a fun lovingAlthough this small town is love by many, Dilatation has really gone down and a lot baseball fan, hasnt agreed to sell his land. This land happens to be where the he will keep the field if the Wildcats can beat their rival team. If the Wildcats lose, he will sell the land to the developers who will tear up the field to build new buildings. federal agency and can catch every ball that is hit or thrown to him. More importantly, he helps build the teams confidence, courage, and a new found love for the game. Has been injured.

The Door

A positive military issue takes initiative. In his poem, The Door, Miroslav Holub commends us to broach reposition by symbolically opening the door. Recognising the importance of change Holub repeats his command several times in the poem, Go and open the door. To inspire us to fancy change he lists possibilities you can find on the other side of the door. Magic city is stringently imagination. Holub is persisting us to be in a positive mental state once we initiate change. In his poem, The Door, Miroslav Holub encourages you to seek and welcome any kind of change in your life.By initiating change, you encounter divers(prenominal) obstacles and even if it is just small Holub believes it will still enhance your life. Even if it is barely anything such as hollow spin, the intention of making a change will make a difference. No matter what, Miroslav Holub motivates us to take the chance. There will possibly be a The Door gives you presumption that beyond the obstacle you face th ere will be better outcomes as long as you allow yourself to progress and think positively. If there is a fog, It will clear up. Once the fog clears up Miroslav Holub inspires us by listing possibilities that may be waiting for on the other side of the door. a tree, or a wood, A garden, Or a magic city A magic city is imaginative. Holub motivates us to Go open the door. He commands us to Go open the door because he believes the change in our life will benefit us. Even if there is just hollow wind, it will still benefit us. He reassures us that the fog will clear up and the sinfulness will tick by and positive change will be be waiting on the other side of the door for you, as long as you allow yourself to open the door.

“Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

What stylistic elements does pouf use to decide his readers? After reading and analyzing Letter from Birmingham Jail, write an essay in which you answer the school principal and analyze structure and language in his text, providing 3 or more examples to illustrate and clarify your analysis. What closedown send away you draw ab place the power of this text? 1. Copy and paste the induction of your essay here. realise to it your grading feedback from Lesson 8 to see if your instructor suggested any revisions to your introduction. Please make your revisions and type your revised introduction in the space below.INTRODUCTION Every nonpareil knows Martin Luther great power Jr. wrote the Letter from Birmingham Jail but not everyone knows he wrote it because he was tired of being told to be patient and to wait. He wanted those eight white aluminium men that called him an extremist and whom believed the civil veraciouss campaign would cause violence, to know that he was fed up waiti ng. powerfulness would take a stand and fight alongside his brothers and sisters for their rights. Martin Luther powerfulness uses strategic support and resource to influence his readers and help us understand that all the hardships and judgment the blacks faced matter since hes nerve-rac tycoon to make us understand the pain and tiredness of segregation and of waiting for nothing to happen.Write2. development what you have learned about evidence, expla farming, quotations, and paraphrase, write your eubstance divides in the space below. You will need to imply at least one of each of the following a direct quotation introduced with a recognize sentence and a colon a direct quotation introduced with a signaling phrase and a comma a direct quotation that is introduced and explained in one sentence a paraphrased examplean implant quotationIMPORTANT ALERT Use your outline from the previous lesson (Lesson 9 Organize Your Ideas) to form your body paragraphs.BODY (Minimum of 2 par agraphs one about the structure of the letter and one about the language of the letter) queen mole rat uses quotes from other famous people to offer comprehension of the respect those people were given and explaining how those men were similarly extremists We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . . said by Thomas Jefferson. powerfulness uses allusion to talk about how Jefferson mentioned something in his past life of being equal and that our society dismissnot be separate in half. It goes back to segregation by explaining the people of the world shouldnt be divided by the color of their skin since according to Jefferson all men were created equal. By stating Jefferson, he makes a point of everybody, including blacks, having the right to share bathrooms, restaurants, and schools. Not one person should suffer the consequences of being different.Abraham Lincoln said that This nation cannot pass away half buckle down and half free. King alike u sed an allusion of Lincolns to point out that the nation would not be able to survive being divided by the color of ones skin. If the government were going to divide the towns people, to divide them by the content of their actions, than by their skin color. It would be for example, dividing a forest by its predators, and prey. By placing a fence in between the two sections, neither side would survive. King wants us to understand that being divided is toxic to our nation and we need to mix to be able to feel right in the world, give care you belong.As mentioned, king uses imagery to help us visualize better what he desires for us to understand like when he says when you on the spur of the moment find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter wherefore she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see snap welling up in her little eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to col ored children and see the depressing clouds of lower status dumbfound to form in her little mental sky, and see her begin to distort her little nature by unconsciously developing a bitterness toward white people he uses this to help the readers poke why they are fed up of being told to wait, and to stand aside patiently.He mentions how he can see the clouds of inferiority form in her little mind, understanding that they think of the blacks as less of humans. King alike describes seeing her unknowingly develop a hatred towards the whites and not knowing that changes her personality. When this happens to his daughter, he wants us to understand that there comes a time when men are exhausted of being in a pool of injustice and having to be told they cantdo anything about the situation. resembling a rile that can never be cured, King states in the end of paragraph 24 of his letter.When he says this, he is giving us an image of a disgusting boil, while comparing injustice and rac ism to it. King is using a simile to make us believe that just like a person or animal is sick, the people back then were sick and the symptoms were injustice and racism. Just like we tend to those unwell, we have to tend to them. King compares the two and simplifies his thoughts when said that they need to be acknowledged and treated. He is hinting that he wishes of injustice and racism to be treated and vanish, but that it wont happen if not everybody pitches in.Locate (copy and paste)3. Within the body paragraphs of your essay, locate and copy and paste the following components. Be sure to accommodate the entire sentence. a. a direct quotation that is introduced with a complete sentence and a colon King uses quotes from other famous people to offer comprehension of the respect those people were given and explaining how those men were also extremists We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . . . b. a direct quotation that is introduced with a signa ling phrase and a comma Abraham Lincoln said that This nation cannot survive half slave and half free. c. a direct quotation that is introduced and explained in one sentenceAs mentioned, King uses imagery to help us visualize better what he desires for us to understand like when he says when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her little eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children and see the depressing clouds of inferiority begin to form in her little mental sky, and see her begin to distort her little personality by unconsciously developing a bitterness toward white people he uses this to help the readers comprehend why they are fed up of being told to wait, and to stand aside patiently. d. a paraphrased exampleKing also describes seeing her unknowingly develop a hatred towards the whites and not knowing that changes her personality. e. an embeddedquotation Like a boil that can never be cured, King states in the end of paragraph 24 of his letter.

Function of Education Essay

1. The definition of key outing Education is defined as the process of educating and saying, which involves the t one-on-onelyer and the student. The teacher will convey the message to the student, and the student will try to find out and applying what is being taught. Educate is further defined as to develop knowledge, skill and the character of somebody. Educate is similarly to give soulfulness information near a particular subject, or to show them a fail way to do something. Knowledge is the information that we atomic number 18 going to instill and give out. We can cod the importance of command in the footing of some onenesss development. 2.Function of Education 2. 1. Education as Continuation Process The process of education begins in the cradle and continues throughout the life. When people tarry, they continually stimulate and develop. In going through all the developments, they have this ongoing education. They argon being introduced by youthful skills and know ledge from time to time. The education can be formal, where it requires us to attend school or institutions for lectures. This is where we read about particular subjects like Languages, Science and Mathematics. Informal education can be something that is being taught at home or from our own experience.As we grow up, the thing that we learn will become to a greater extent complex and complicated. For instance, we are taught of basic skills of mathematics when we are in primary school, then we are in secondary school, another new complex formula is introduced to us. We are expected to grasp much when we are maturing. This process persists throughout their lifetime. As we go along, we learn and apply more and more knowledge. We in any case learn many new things when we encounter every stages of our life. For example, when are already an adult, we got married and have children.This can alto nameher be experienced when you are fully grown, not when you are a baby or a mere child. 2. 2. Education as Moral Development Tools Moral development means the expanding and improvement of someones manner, character and proper behaviour. This entails the development in someones physical, spirit, mentality and believes. Here education acts as a tool where it helps to inculcate the sense of chasteity in the confederacy. Education is not skilful about imparting the information, but it is also intended to show someone of which is right and which is wrong. For example, we introduced to the people about the code of dressing ethics.This ethics demands them to follow the rule of clothing. Here in Malaysia, moral development is employ through the subject like Muslim Education and Moral Education. Education helps in imbibing moral and ethical values in the individuals and their education, in turn, helps in the humankind of a healthy society that bears a deep understanding of principles and the philosophy of life. Having a extravagantly morality is paramount in a society for it deters somebody from immoral and bad doings like cheating and being not responsible. 2. 3 Education as Integrated Indicative.Education indicates the integrity in education as it comprises all the elements of ones development. It entails the improvement on the physical, emotional, spiritual, skills (psychomotor), mental (coordinative), and behaviour. Education helps an individual to thrive in society, to interact with other neighborly animals and helps a person attain and maintain a trustworthy degree of social well-being. The abilities of an individual as a part of society is an apparent result of social development, which can moreover make date by the means of education. In school or college, we are taught holistically.The learning processes dont only occur in class, but also outside there. Students are exposed with clubs and sports activities, which help in clash up their leadership skills and suchlike. Learning is also be made practical, as theories only never enough. Our s yllabi also show the sense of integration from the subjects taught in school. We learn languages such as Malay, English, Mandarin, Tamil and many more but at the same time, we include the logics learning, like Science and Mathematics. As for spiritual enhancement, subjects like Islamic Studies and Moral Studies are also included.We can see that the studies not only focus only one part. In fact, it is thorough and complete for the intelligence mustiness go along with good morals and believes. An corporate education is one that encourages students to seek connections betwixt different ways of knowing and being in the world, between different forms of knowledge, and between new knowledge and that which preceded it. In order to provide an integrated educational experience, we must offer a curriculum and other learning experiences whose content and pattern combine the acquisition and creation of knowledge with the quest for meaning and purpose.2. 4. Education as Practices Process Educ ation occurs continuously and as it goes, we learn something repeatedly, many times in our life. It depends on ones ability, to catch what is taught. Some may obtain their time in grasping the information, and some may get it quickly. Usually, people cant comfortably understand something at first, but they keep learning and practicing, and in the end, they manage to understand that something. This process of repetition in learning is what we call as practice you keep doing it until you are finally good at it.Take for instance the case of reading. We started off with the basic, knowing all the 24 alphabets in ABC. Then, after we get all that, we move on to two-syllable words and suchlike. We dont get to read so easily. at that place are processes to be gone through which need a lot of practices. Education provides practices in certain areas of studies like medicine and teaching. They have this practical part in which they need to apply those theories they have learnt. winning e ducation is also to bring about progress in practical fields to enable each educated individual of society to earn a living.Education of the various practical fields produces successful human resources, who can contribute to the creation of wealth for a country. While the people earn for their work, they are also creating something for their organization to make money on. 3. Conclusion In conclusion, education is very crucial in our life, especially in the sense of development. All these developments like social, economic and attitude in every individual are responsible for the cultivation of civilized society. Education is mainly intended for the want to generate high quality, educated, skilled, and capable citizens.Knowledge and information are imparted so that a person and the society can live a good life. Not only in the sense of physical, but also in terms of spiritual and good morals. Education is the key of success throughout ones life. References Abdul Rahman Ariff, Zakarie Kasa, 2002. Falsafah dan Konsep Pendidikan Edisi Kedua. Kuala Lumpur Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd. Annad, J. B. 1977. Education for Self-Discovery. Britain Houder and Stoughton. Hirsch, E. D. Jr, 1987. heathen Literacy. England, UK Houghton Miffin Mok Soon Sang, 2003.An Education Coursefor K. P. L. I Theme 1, 1st Edition, Subang Jaya Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd. Muhammad Shamsul Huq, 1976. Education, Manpower and Development in randomness and South East Asia. India Praeger Publisher. Sufean Hussin, 1996. Pendidikan di Malaysia Sejarah, Sistem dan Falsafah. Kuala Lumpur Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dr. Tajul Ariffin Noordin. Pengamalan Prinsip Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan menyekat Pemikiran Liberal. Pendidik Isu 67. Disember 200960-62 Prof. Dr. Sidek Baba. Pemahaman dalam Menerima Ilmu Lahir Insan Ihsan. Pendidik Isu 67.Disember 200958-59 Integrated Education, http//www. scu. edu/strategicplan/2001/integrated. cfm Practical Education, http//chestofbooks. com/crafts/scientific-americ an/sup5/Practical-Education. hypertext markup language Purpose of edu, http//www. teachersmind. com/pdfdirectory/Education. PDF http//quadium. net/school/purpose_education. html http//www. buzzle. com/articles/beliefs-about-the-purpose-of-education.html Morality, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_developmentPsychological_perspectives Moral development, http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moral_development.

Yum cha between my culture and our culture Essay

Yum cha, which is a Chinese style morning and afternoon afternoon tea, involves drinking Chinese tea and eating dim sum, which are small dishes. In expert restaurants, staff bequeath commonly hustle around heated trolleys serving small yum cha dishes. Hong Kong also has some western food and local food, equal mango pudding, egg tarts that are desserts. Before Hong Kong was occupied by British, which already had Yum cha. Then, this traditional is important for people. Yum cha is a habit for most of local Hong Kong people. Some of them will go to yum cha once sequences per week. Or they will spend a whole morning to enjoy the meal with friends. In my family, we soak up a traditional, pappa and mum bring me to yum cha in every Sunday, on that day, and they will spend 1 to 2 hours to yum cha, to turn in a little gathering for us.When I was young, my parents always ordered my favourite(a) dim sum to me, and we have lots of interesting talk. After that, my dad would give me the p ocket money it was a great time for me. Now, I was grow up, we may not go to yum cha in every Sunday now, if we feel free, we mustiness go to yum cha. If we decide to yum cha, I will go to the Chinese restaurant wait for my parents and ordered their favourite dim sum. But technology influence, we would not talk a lot, I only focus on my telephone, and my parents only read the newspaper. It seems a bad effect for us, not only my family. Yum chas original center is a little gathering with relative or friends, and enjoys the dim sum.Nowadays, the meaning changed. Most of teenager scarce hold a smartphone, and keep going touch it, just focus on it, no conversation with family. Although, our traditional was altered, we will not have yum cha in every Sunday, I believe this traditional must go on, spend some time with family, is a most important thing in my life. Chinese like goes to yum cha with family, and care about family. When we feel free, we should not only focus on friends, tec hnology notwithstanding family.

Cyberspace and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Cyberspace and Society - Essay ExampleThe up-to-the-minute figures indicate that 460,000 CCTV cameras were sold among 1996-1999 (Gadher, 1999). Clive Norris, a criminologist at Hull University stated A million cameras could be a conservative estimate. On an average day in London, or any other voluminous country in the United States, an individual is filmed by more thancameras from 30 different CCTV networks. The filming goes on throughout the day, and in some areas, such as the London Underground, it is constant (Gadher, 1999). Local government run nearly CCTVs partly funded by Home Office grants. CCTV systems were initially installed in town centers to foster shops moreover, in the face of the terror of offense, spread to residential districts, schools and parks (Unsworth, 1999). In the United Kingdom cameras fetch not been engraft to deter crime (with cases of violence against shops on the rise by 44% between 1996-7) but they helped to right conviction (Unsworth, 1999). Interestingly, it has been asserted that CCTV dejection be effective in reducing crime or the fear of crime, (Unsworth) and it is the perception of danger, not necessarily actual risk that may be significant.Cameras can be committed to computers with software capable of... In the United Kingdom cameras have not been found to deter crime (with cases of violence against shops on the rise by 44% between 1996-7) but they helped to secure conviction (Unsworth, 1999). Interestingly, it has been asserted that CCTV can be effective in reducing crime or the fear of crime, (Unsworth) and it is the perception of danger, not necessarily actual risk that may be significant. Cameras can be connected to computers with software capable of vehicle license plate recognition or face recognition. A computer-controlled watchfulness system that automatically tracks police-designated fall guy faces has gone into effect in East London. Software that can accommodate people passing video cameras to facia l images stored on a database has been developed and tested (Thomas, 1998). When the CCTV identifies a target face, the local police security team passes the information to police. The intent is to prevent mugging and shoplifting but civil liberties groups note that innocent people are bound to suffer, as mistakes inevitably will be made. There is a balance to be struck between crime prevention and our individual and incarnate freedoms. The use of this kind of technology strikes the wrong balance (Thomas, 1999). What is the purpose of data protection law Depending upon whose imprint is being voiced, data protection law can be variously heard described as a means of protecting an individuals fundamental right to privacy (Debussere, 2005), a mechanism for validating the commodification of data, a justification for overriding of privacy interests in the public interest (Leith, 2002), or a disguised barrier to entrance to a nations market for international competitors (Nijhawan, 2003 492) to provide